History Atlas

How The Past Is Known
Sign In
Text size
100%
Theme
Historical Document

Amarna Letters

Diplomatic Correspondence and Secret Agreements

The Amarna Letters are an archive of roughly 380 clay tablets, most of them diplomatic correspondence written in Akkadian cuneiform, the international lingua franca of the Late Bronze Age, exchanged over about thirty years in the mid-fourteenth century BC between the Egyptian royal court and its vassal rulers and fellow great powers across Canaan, Amurru, Babylonia, Assyria, Mitanni and the Hittite realm. Discovered in 1887 by local villagers at Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna), the short-lived capital built by the pharaoh Akhenaten, the letters preserve an unusually candid, day-to-day picture of Late Bronze Age international relations: vassal princes pleading for gold and troops, accusations of treachery between neighboring city-states, and the marriage diplomacy binding Egypt to Babylon and Mitanni. Because so few comparable archives from this period survive intact, the letters remain one of the principal primary sources for the political history and diplomatic practice of the Near East on the eve of the Bronze Age Collapse. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Document Type
Diplomatic correspondence archive (clay tablets) 1
Creation Year
1350 BCE 1
Origin Place
El-Amarna (ancient Akhetaten), Egypt 1
Current Location
Dispersed: principally the British Museum, the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, and the Egyptian Museum, Cairo 1
Original Language
Akkadian (cuneiform); one letter in Hurrian 1
Document Type
Document Type (category)
Correspondence / Note 1
Document Type (category)
Diplomatic Note 1
Classification
Medium or Support
Clay Tablet 1
FAQs

Why are the Amarna letters written in cuneiform instead of Egyptian?

They are written in Akkadian cuneiform, the regional language of diplomacy for the period, mostly in a mixed Canaanite-Akkadian.

The letters are cuneiform tablets written primarily in Akkadian, the regional language of diplomacy for this period, so the Egyptian court and its correspondents used the shared diplomatic language rather than Egyptian. This makes them unusual in Egyptological research: they are written not in the language of ancient Egypt but in cuneiform, the writing system of ancient Mesopotamia. Most are in a variety of Akkadian that is sometimes described as a mixed language, Canaanite-Akkadian.
Connections

Associated With

In Era

In the Other Atlases

Used In

Also in Language Atlas: which uses this subject.

Originated In

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject originated.

Sources
1. Wikipedia: Amarna Letters
Wikipedia
  • Lead section
    The Amarna letters are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru.
  • Amarna Letters: Medium
    The Amarna Letters are an archive of roughly 380 clay tablets, most of them diplomatic correspondence written in Akkadian cuneiform, the international lingua franca of the Late Bronze Age, exchanged over about thirty years in the mid-fourteenth century BC between the Egyptian royal court and its vassal rulers and fellow great powers across Canaan, Amurru, Babylonia, Assyria, Mitanni and the Hittite realm.
  • Wikipedia lead paragraph, document type/medium described (w-bbfill-history3-0927)
  • In Group: Diplomatic Correspondence and Secret Agreements of Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, lead paragraph: 14th century BC
    spanning a period of no more than thirty years in the middle of the 14th century BC
View the Source
Wikidata: Amarna Letters
Wikidata Q235502, class allow-list match (w-wdresolver-0926)View the Source
Comments (0)
No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.
Reader Challenges (0)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.