History Atlas
Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.
296 statements marked Debated.
The Reconquista Period, Start Year722
The Reconquista Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 722
Wikipedia's infobox dates the traditional start of the Reconquista, Pelagius's victory at Covadonga, to c. 718 or 722; other framings, including this atlas's own entry, begin the period with the 711 Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Spain that the reconquest opposed.
Source Reconquista - Wikipedia
The Reformation, End Year1648
The Reformation, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1648
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, ending the Thirty Years' War, is the most commonly cited close; other historians end the period earlier, with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
Source Wikipedia
The Renaissance, Start Year1350
The Renaissance, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 1350
Conventionally traced to Petrarch and fourteenth-century Italian humanism; other historians place the meaningful start later, in the fifteenth century.
Source Renaissance (Britannica)
The Renaissance, End Year1600
The Renaissance, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1600
Conventionally closed around 1600 as the Northern Renaissance gives way to the Baroque and the Scientific Revolution; some historians extend it into the early seventeenth century.
Source Renaissance (Britannica)
The Roman Republic, End Year-27
The Roman Republic, Polities
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States -27
The exact end of the Republic is debated. Some historians prefer 44 BCE, the assassination of Julius Caesar, or 31 BCE, Octavian's victory at Actium, over 27 BCE, when Octavian took the title Augustus and the Senate formally restored constitutional government under his controlling influence.
Source The Cambridge Ancient History
The Scientific Revolution, Start Year1543
The Scientific Revolution, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 1543
1543 (Copernicus De revolutionibus) is the conventional opening date and the one this atlas carries, but historiography is genuinely divided into named traditions: Herbert Butterfield (Origins of Modern Science, 1949) helped fix the sharp-break narrative starting here; Pierre Duhems continuity thesis argues medieval Scholastic natural philosophy already contained the revolutions seeds, denying any clean start; Steven Shapin (The Scientific Revolution, 1996) opens by disputing that a single coherent, datable Revolution occurred at all, treating 1543 as a useful convention rather than a real threshold.
Source Scientific Revolution (Encyclopaedia Britannica), Encyclopaedia Britannica Editors
The Scientific Revolution, End Year1687
The Scientific Revolution, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1687
1687 (Newtons Principia) is the conventional close and the one this atlas carries, but some historians extend the period into the early Enlightenment (through the 1700s-1720s) to include the Principias reception and Newtonianisms spread across Europe, while others hold the synthesis essentially complete at publication.
Source Scientific Revolution (Encyclopaedia Britannica), Encyclopaedia Britannica Editors
The Sengoku Period, End Year1615
The Sengoku Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1615
The source dates the end variously to 1568, 1573, 1590, 1600 or 1615; the atlas follows 1615, the Siege of Osaka, as its conventional endpoint.
Source Wikipedia: Sengoku Period
The Srivijaya Period, End Year1025
The Srivijaya Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1025
Sources disagree on Srivijaya's end point: this source dates its disintegration to shortly after 1025 CE following Chola raids on its ports, while other accounts, including this atlas's existing description, place its final absorption around 1288 CE.
Source Srivijaya, Wikipedia
The Sumerian Period, Start Year-4000
The Sumerian Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -4000
This atlas's existing description places the Sumerian period's start around 4500 BCE reflecting earlier Ubaid-period antecedents, while this source dates Sumerian civilization proper to the Uruk period beginning about 4000 BCE.
Source Sumer, World History Encyclopedia
The Sumerian Period, End Year-1750
The Sumerian Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States -1750
This atlas's existing description extends the Sumerian period to about 1900 BCE, while this source dates the civilization's end specifically to the 1750 BCE Elamite invasion and Amorite migration.
Source Sumer, World History Encyclopedia
The Viking Age, Start Year793
The Viking Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 793
Conventionally dated from the 793 raid on the monastery at Lindisfarne, though modern scholarship increasingly treats Scandinavian expansion as a longer, gradual process without one sharp start date.
The Warring States Period, Start Year-475
The Warring States Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -475
The starting point of the Warring States period is a periodization convention rather than a single agreed event. Historians have used at least three anchors: 481 BCE, where the Spring and Autumn Annals traditionally end; 475 BCE, Sima Qian's choice and the most often cited, which the atlas follows; and 403 BCE, when the Zhou royal court formally recognized the partition of the state of Jin among the Han, Zhao and Wei lineages, the convention Sima Guang used centuries later in the Zizhi Tongjian. Some sources instead mark 453 BCE, the year of Jin's effective (if not yet formally recognized) partition.
Source Wikipedia: Warring States Period
The Yayoi Period, Start Year-300
The Yayoi Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -300
The source's own body text also names a revised radiocarbon-based estimate pushing the start toward the 10th or 9th to 8th century BC; the atlas follows the traditional c. 300 BC starting point given in the article's own opening definition.
Source Wikipedia: Yayoi Period
Thirty Years War, Death Toll, Low Estimate4500000.000000
Thirty Years War, Events
Standing
Concerns Death Toll, Low Estimate
Currently States 4500000.000000
The lower end of the range general histories cite for total deaths across the war zone from combat, disease and famine combined; a count of direct military dead alone would be substantially smaller.
Source Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War, Peter H. Wilson
Thirty Years War, Death Toll, High Estimate8000000.000000
Thirty Years War, Events
Standing
Concerns Death Toll, High Estimate
Currently States 8000000.000000
The higher end of the same range, consistent with estimates that close to a quarter of the population of the German lands died as a result of the war, overwhelmingly to disease and starvation following the collapse of civil order rather than to battle itself.
Source Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War, Peter H. Wilson
Trajan, Birth Year53
Trajan, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States 53
The source states Trajan's year of birth is not reliably attested and may instead have been AD 56.
Source Wikipedia: Trajan
Trajan, Birth Date0053-09-18
Trajan, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Date
Currently States 0053-09-18
The source states Trajan's year of birth is not reliably attested and may instead have been AD 56.
Source Wikipedia: Trajan
Tulip Mania, DescriptionA period in the Dutch Republic, peaking in the winter of 1636 to 1637, during which contract prices for tulip bulbs, especially rare virus-streaked broken varieties, rose to extraordinary levels before collapsing in February 1637. Traditionally presented as history's first recorded speculative bubble and a byword for irrational market mania, it sits inside the Dutch Golden Age, the same decades of commercial wealth, colonial trade and civic pride that produced the Dutch Republic's rise as a maritime and financial power. The scale of the traditional account is itself a live dispute among economic historians: Peter Garber and others working from surviving notarial and contract records argue the episode was a much smaller, largely futures-market phenomenon among specialist growers and traders rather than an economy-wide mania, a revisionist reading that has not displaced the traditional account in general reference works.
Tulip Mania, Events
Standing
Concerns Description
Currently States A period in the Dutch Republic, peaking in the winter of 1636 to 1637, during which contract prices for tulip bulbs, especially rare virus-streaked broken varieties, rose to extraordinary levels before collapsing in February 1637. Traditionally presented as history's first recorded speculative bubble and a byword for irrational market mania, it sits inside the Dutch Golden Age, the same decades of commercial wealth, colonial trade and civic pride that produced the Dutch Republic's rise as a maritime and financial power. The scale of the traditional account is itself a live dispute among economic historians: Peter Garber and others working from surviving notarial and contract records argue the episode was a much smaller, largely futures-market phenomenon among specialist growers and traders rather than an economy-wide mania, a revisionist reading that has not displaced the traditional account in general reference works.
The traditional irrational-mania account is the one repeated in most general reference works; the Garber revisionist reading, based on surviving notarial and contract records, holds the episode was far narrower in scope. Both readings are live in the secondary literature.
Source Tulip Mania (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Vlad the Impaler, Birth Year1431
Vlad the Impaler, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States 1431
Wikipedia's infobox gives his birth as between 1428 and 1431, no single year settled; this uses the latest year in that range.
Source Vlad the Impaler (Wikipedia)