Eras Beginning from 509 to 202 BCE

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Greek, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history following Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC, in which all these regions were under the influence of Greek leadership, culture, and language as a result of Alexander's conquests.

It was founded in 305 BC by the Macedonian Greek general Ptolemy I Soter, a companion of Alexander the Great, and was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty until the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC.

The Parthian Empire (), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana, pronounced [ˈreːs ˈpuːblɪka roːˈmaːna]) was the era of classical Roman civilisation beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

The Han dynasty (202 BC, 9 AD, 25-220 AD) was an imperial dynasty of China established by Liu Bang, and preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) and the interregnum known as the Chu-Han Contention (206-202 BC).

The Warring States period in Chinese history (c. 475 - 221 BC) comprises the final centuries of the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 - 256 BC), which were characterized by warfare, bureaucratic and military reform, and political consolidation.