African Monarchs and Rulers

Monarchs and rulers of African kingdoms and empires across the whole continent and more than three thousand years, from the pharaohs of ancient Egypt and the Kushite and Nubian kings who twice ruled Egypt in turn, through the medieval West African empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai and their rulers such as Mansa Musa and Askia Muhammad I, the kingdoms of the Horn of Africa including Ethiopia's Solomonic dynasty and the earlier Aksumite kings, the Central African Kanem-Bornu and Kongo kingdoms, the Ambundu kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba under Queen Nzinga, the Hausa city states, the Merina kingdom of Madagascar, and the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. A ruler qualifies by an African kingdom, empire or city state as the seat of their own reign; Egypt's rulers are placed here by the continent their realm occupies rather than in the separate Middle Eastern and Islamic World Rulers group, matching how this atlas already treats ancient and medieval Egyptian history as African.