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Era

The Ancient Near East and Bronze Age World

Also Known As The Bronze Age
Prehistory and the Ancient World

The Ancient Near East and Bronze Age world covers the roughly two thousand years, from about 3200 to 1200 BCE, in which the first cities, states, writing systems and empires arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Levant, Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean. It takes its name from bronze, an alloy of copper and tin that was the era's dominant material for tools and weapons, and whose trade networks linked civilizations from Britain to Afghanistan. Sumerian city states, Egypt under the pharaohs, the Hittite empire in Anatolia, Babylon under Hammurabi, and Mycenaean Greece all flourished within this period, developing law codes, monumental architecture, organized religion and long distance diplomacy conducted partly in cuneiform, a shared diplomatic script. The era ends with the Bronze Age Collapse, a still debated wave of destructions, migrations and state failures around 1200 to 1150 BCE that brought down or badly weakened almost every major power of the eastern Mediterranean within a few decades.

Facts
Disputed
Start Year
3200 BCE 2
Marked conventionally by the earliest Sumerian cuneiform writing, around 3200 BCE, the same regional boundary that closes prehistory. Historians disagree on whether the boundary belongs at the invention of writing or at the emergence of the first true cities somewhat earlier.
End Year
1200 BCE 1
The Bronze Age Collapse unfolded over decades rather than a single year, roughly 1200 to 1150 BCE, and its causes, including drought, invasion by the so called Sea Peoples, internal revolt and the breakdown of trade networks, remain actively debated among historians and archaeologists.
Geographic Scope
Centered on Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Levant, Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean, including Mycenaean Greece. The periodization does not describe East Asia, South Asia or the Americas, each of which had its own, differently timed Bronze Age or none at all; China's Bronze Age, for instance, is conventionally dated centuries later and organized around the Shang and early Zhou dynasties rather than this era's own boundary events. 1
The Ancient Near East and Bronze Age World
Filter Results3 entries
FAQs

What do scholars think caused the Bronze Age Collapse that ended this era?

There is no single agreed cause; many competing theories exist.

Scholars have proposed competing theories since the 19th century, most of them involving the violent destruction of cities and towns. The suggested causes include climate change, volcanic eruptions, droughts, disease, invasions by the Sea Peoples, economic disruption from increased ironworking, and changes in military technology that ended the era of chariot warfare. More recent scholarship has argued that the collapse was more limited in scale and scope than previously thought.
Connections

Includes

Source The Cambridge Ancient History
Source Austronesian peoples - Wikipedia
Source Code of Hammurabi, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Code of Ur-Nammu
Source Minoan eruption, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Shang dynasty
Source Wikipedia: Hatshepsut
Source Wikipedia: Imhotep
Source Ipuwer Papyrus, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Karnak King List
Source Merneptah Stele - Wikipedia
Source Nefertiti (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Palermo Stone
Source Wikipedia: Prisse Papyrus
Source Wikipedia: Sargon of Akkad
Source Wikipedia: Shang dynasty
Sumer, Civilizations
Source The Cambridge Ancient History
Source Sumerian King List - Wikipedia
Source Šuppiluliuma I (Wikipedia)
Source Tang of Shang (Wikipedia)

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Source The Cambridge Ancient History

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated range

Source Turin King List (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Ugaritic Texts
Source Wikipedia: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Source Wikipedia: Weld-Blundell Prism
Xia dynasty, Polities
Source Wikipedia: Xia dynasty
Source New World Encyclopedia: Zoroaster

Preceded By

The Chalcolithic Period, Eras

Why this is disputed. Chalcolithic to Bronze Age transition is dated differently by region

Succeeded By

The Iron Age, Eras
Source Wikipedia
In the Other Atlases

Era Of Origin For

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Angora Goats - Breeds of LivestockBreed history
Quote, Breed history
Mention is made of the use of mohair at the time of Moses, which would fix the record of the Angora some time between 1571 and 1451 B.C., according to the Angora Goat Mohair Industry publication from USDA (Miscellaneous Bulletin 50, 1929).

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Wikipedia: CantaloupeHistorytier 2
Quote, History
dating as far back to Biblical times, about 2400 BC.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Wikipedia: CowpeaHistorytier 2
Quote, History
Remains of charred cowpeas from rock shelters in Central Ghana have been dated to the 2nd millennium BC.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Wikipedia: Finger MilletHistorytier 2
Quote, History
The earliest record of finger millet comes from an archaeological site in Africa which is thought to date to the 3rd millennium BCE

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Wikipedia: GuavaHistorytier 2
Quote, History
Archaeological sites in Peru yielded evidence of guava cultivation as early as 2500 BC.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Pachyrhizus erosus (Wikipedia)History
Quote, History
It has been found at archaeological sites in Peru dating to 3000 BC.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Jute (Wikipedia)History
Quote, History
Jute has been used for making textiles in the Indus valley civilization since the 3rd millennium BC.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Chenopodium pallidicaule (Wikipedia)History
Quote, History
domestication could have occurred 3,500 years before present.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Lettuce, WikipediaLead
Quote, Lead
Lettuce was originally farmed by the ancient Egyptians

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Mule (Wikipedia)Article text
Quote, Article text
This overlap probably occurred in Anatolia and Mesopotamia in Western Asia, and mules were bred there before 1000 BC.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Wikipedia: Mung BeanHistorytier 2
Quote, History
where finds date back about 4,500 years

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Norwegian Fjord Horses - Breeds of LivestockBreed history
Quote, Breed history
It is estimated that the original Fjords migrated to Norway and the Scandinavian peninsula over 4,000 years ago and they were domesticated about 2,000 B.C.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Wikipedia: TeffHistorytier 2
Quote, History
Teff is believed to have originated in Ethiopia between 4000 BCE and 1000 BCE.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Architecture and Design Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.

Also in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Handsaw (Wikipedia)Lead section
Quote, Lead section
Egyptian hieroglyphics exist depicting ancient woodworkers sawing boards into pieces

Also in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.

Source Handsaw (Wikipedia)Lead section
Quote, Lead section
Egyptian hieroglyphics exist depicting ancient woodworkers sawing boards into pieces

Also in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.

Found In

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Also in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.

Sources
1. The Cambridge Ancient History
Cambridge University PressVol. I-II, The Ancient Near East
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.View the Source
Wikipedia
WikipediaSucceeded By: The Iron Age, Iron Age, succession from the Bronze Age
Quote, Succeeded By: The Iron Age, Iron Age, succession from the Bronze Age
The Iron Age (c. 1200 BC - c. 550 BC) is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Copper Age and Bronze Age.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Shang dynasty
Wikipedia
  • Includes: Founding of the Shang Dynasty, Lead paragraph
    was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the 2nd millennium BC
  • Includes: Shang dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence dates
    The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāngcháo), also known as the Yin dynasty (殷代; Yīn dài), was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the 2nd millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou dynasty.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Imhotep
WikipediaIncludes: Imhotep, Lead paragraph
Quote, Includes: Imhotep, Lead paragraph
fl. late 27th century BC
View the Source
New World Encyclopedia: Zoroaster
New World EncyclopediaIncludes: Zoroaster, Article text
Quote, Includes: Zoroaster, Article text
Many scholarly estimates place him circa 1200 B.C.E.
View the Source
Bronze Age (Wikipedia)
In Group: Eras Beginning from 3300 to 626 BCE, Early Bronze Age
Quote, In Group: Eras Beginning from 3300 to 626 BCE, Early Bronze Age
Early Bronze Age (EBA or EB): 3300-2100 BC
View the Source
Wikipedia: Ugaritic Texts
Includes: Ugaritic Texts, Lead
Quote, Includes: Ugaritic Texts, Lead
The texts were written in the 13th and 12th centuries BCE.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Xia dynasty
WikipediaIncludes: Xia dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence dates
Quote, Includes: Xia dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence dates
The Xia dynasty (, ; ) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography. Some scholars, especially Western historians and Sinologists,
View the Source
Merneptah Stele - Wikipedia
Includes: Merneptah Stele, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Merneptah Stele, lead paragraph and infobox, date
The problems began in Merneptah's 5th year (1208 BCE), when a Libu king invaded Egypt from the west in alliance with various northern peoples.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Palermo Stone
Includes: Palermo Stone, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Palermo Stone, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: circa 2450 BC
View the Source
Ipuwer Papyrus, Wikipedia
Includes: Ipuwer Papyrus, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Ipuwer Papyrus, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: circa 1250 BCE
View the Source
Code of Hammurabi, Wikipedia
Includes: Code of Hammurabi, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Code of Hammurabi, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: c. 1753 BC; time interval--1753 ago
View the Source
Wikipedia: Code of Ur-Nammu
WikipediaIncludes: Code of Ur-Nammu, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Code of Ur-Nammu, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: c. 2100 BC
View the Source
Turin King List (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Turin King List, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Turin King List, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: circa 1245 BC
View the Source
Wikipedia: Weld-Blundell Prism
Includes: Weld-Blundell Prism, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Weld-Blundell Prism, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: c. 1800 BC
View the Source
Wikipedia: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Includes: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: circa 2250 BC in Sippar
View the Source
Wikipedia: Prisse Papyrus
Includes: Prisse Papyrus, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Prisse Papyrus, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: c. 2000 BC
View the Source
Wikipedia: Karnak King List
Includes: Karnak King List, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Quote, Includes: Karnak King List, lead paragraph and infobox, date
Infobox date: circa 1450 BC
View the Source
Minoan eruption, Wikipedia
Includes: Eruption of Thera, Lead
Quote, Includes: Eruption of Thera, Lead
The Minoan eruption was a catastrophic volcanic eruption that devastated the Aegean island of Thera (also called Santorini) circa 1600 BC.
View the Source
Nefertiti (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Nefertiti, Lead
Quote, Includes: Nefertiti, Lead
Nefertiti (; c. 1370, c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten.
View the Source
Šuppiluliuma I (Wikipedia)
Includes: Suppiluliuma I, Lead
Quote, Includes: Suppiluliuma I, Lead
Šuppiluliuma I (died c. 1322 BC), also Suppiluliuma () or Suppiluliumas (), was an ancient Hittite king (r. c. 1350-1322 BC).
View the Source
Austronesian peoples - Wikipedia
Includes: Austronesian Expansion, Lead
Quote, Includes: Austronesian Expansion, Lead
The group originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration, known as the Austronesian expansion, from Taiwan, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE.
View the Source
Tang of Shang (Wikipedia)
WikipediaIncludes: Tang of Shang, Lead
Quote, Includes: Tang of Shang, Lead
Tang of Shang, (c. 1670 BC to c. 1587 BC, born Zi Lü), recorded on oracle bones as Tai Yi or Da Yi, was the first king of the Shang dynasty.
View the Source
Sumerian King List - Wikipedia
Includes: Sumerian King List, Lead
Quote, Includes: Sumerian King List, Lead
In the oldest known version, dated to the Ur III period (c. 2112, c. 2004 BC) but probably based on Akkadian source material, the SKL reflected a more linear transition of power from Kish, the first city to receive kingship, to Akkad.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Sargon of Akkad
WikipediaIncludes: Sargon of Akkad, Lead
Quote, Includes: Sargon of Akkad, Lead
Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized: Šarrugi; died c. 2279 BC), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Hatshepsut
WikipediaIncludes: Hatshepsut, Lead
Quote, Includes: Hatshepsut, Lead
Hatshepsut ( haht-SHEPP-sut; c. 1505-1458 BC) was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant from c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC (Low Chronology) and the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II.
View the Source
Dissenting Readings (2 dissenting readings)
End Year

Eric Cline's 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (2014) argues that treating circa 1200 BCE as a single dateable endpoint overstates the precision of the evidence. Cline holds that no single cause, including the Sea Peoples invasions traditionally credited with ending the Bronze Age world, explains the collapse, but rather a cascading systems failure across decades: earthquakes, drought, famine, internal revolt and the severing of the interdependent trade networks that had sustained Egypt, the Hittites, Mycenae, Cyprus and the Levantine states together. On this reading, the Bronze Age world did not end in a year so much as unravel over a generation.

A dissenting reading, from Eric Cline and the systems-collapse schoolEric H. Cline, 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed (Cline, 2014), Princeton University Press, 2014
Description

Historian Robert Drews argues the Bronze Age Collapse is best explained by a revolution in warfare rather than a multi-causal combination of factors: the sudden, widespread adoption of massed infantry using new weapons and armor overwhelmed the chariot-based militaries of the palace states, a single dominant mechanism rather than the climate-and-systems-collapse synthesis (associated with Eric Cline and others) that the entity description above summarizes as the current near-consensus.

A dissenting reading, from Robert DrewsWikipedia: Late Bronze Age Collapse, Wikipedia

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