History Atlas
Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.
148 statements.
The Hellenistic Period, End Year-30
The Hellenistic Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States -30
Scholars are divided on which event should mark the Hellenistic period's end. The atlas follows the majority convention of 30 BCE (the Battle of Actium and the Roman annexation of Ptolemaic Egypt under Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony's defeat), but the literature proposes alternative endpoints ranging from 146 BCE (Rome's conquest of the Greek mainland) at the early end to 330 CE (Constantine's founding of Constantinople) at the late end, reflecting genuine disagreement about how long Hellenistic political, cultural and religious forms continued to shape the eastern Mediterranean after Rome's conquest of Egypt.
Source Wikipedia: Hellenistic Period
The Hundred Years' War, Death Toll, Low Estimate2300000.000000
The Hundred Years' War, Events
Standing
Concerns Death Toll, Low Estimate
Currently States 2300000.000000
Rough order-of-magnitude estimate for direct and indirect (famine, associated violence) deaths across the war's 116 years (1337-1453), per general military-historical demography; medieval record-keeping cannot isolate war deaths cleanly from the concurrent Black Death and recurring regional famine, so this range is treated as illustrative rather than precise.
Source Edward III (Britannica)
The Hundred Years' War, Death Toll, High Estimate3300000.000000
The Industrial Revolution, Year1760
The Industrial Revolution, Events
Standing
Concerns Year
Currently States 1760
There is no single starting date. Historians commonly place the beginning of industrialization in Britain somewhere between 1760 and 1780, and its spread to other countries occurred at very different times across the following century.
Source The New Cambridge Modern History
The Invention of Writing, Year-3200
The Invention of Writing, Events
Standing
Concerns Year
Currently States -3200
Sumerian cuneiform, the earliest securely dated writing system, emerges around 3200 BCE, but writing was invented independently in Egypt around 3100 BCE, in China around 1200 BCE and in Mesoamerica later still, so no single year marks the invention of writing worldwide.
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Iron Age, Start Year-1200
The Iron Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -1200
The general date, c. 1200 BCE, describes the eastern Mediterranean and Near East; the transition to iron began earlier, around 1300 BCE, in Anatolia and the Caucasus, and far later, around 500 BCE, in Northern Europe.
Source Wikipedia
The Iron Age, End Year-550
The Iron Age, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States -550
The general date, c. 550 BCE, describes the eastern Mediterranean and Near East; the transition to iron happened at markedly different times elsewhere, from as early as 1300 BCE in Anatolia to as late as 500 BCE in Northern Europe.
Source Wikipedia
The Khmer Empire, End Year1431
The Khmer Empire, Polities
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1431
Historians differ on why the Khmer Empire declined: proposed causes include the ideological shift from the Hindu devaraja cult to Theravada Buddhism, repeated military pressure from the Ayutthaya Kingdom between 1352 and 1431, and environmental stress from a period of severe drought following intense monsoon rains that damaged the empire's canal and reservoir network. The atlas records 1431, the fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya, as the conventional end date.
Source Wikipedia: Khmer Empire
The Kingdom of England, Start Year927
The Kingdom of England, Polities
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 927
927 marks Aethelstan's submission of the northern rulers and his assumption of the title king of the English, the conventional date for a unified Kingdom of England. Some historians place genuine, lasting unification later, under Edgar (959 to 975) or at the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Source England (Britannica)
The Kingdom of France, Start Year987
The Kingdom of France, Polities
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 987
Marks Hugh Capet's election as king of the Franks. Some historians read this as dynastic continuity from the Robertian family's existing power rather than a sharp break with Carolingian rule; 987 is nonetheless the conventional founding date for the Capetian kingdom.
Source France: History (Britannica)
The Kingdom of France, End Year1789
The Kingdom of France, Polities
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1789
Marks the Revolution's outbreak as the effective end of the ancien regime kingdom. The absolute monarchy was not formally abolished until 21 September 1792, when the National Convention proclaimed the First Republic; this entity uses 1789 to mark the polity's defining end point, with the intervening constitutional monarchy (1789 to 1792) as the transition. See the edge to The French Revolution.
Source France: History (Britannica)
The Late Modern Period, End Year1945
The Late Modern Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1945
1945, the end of the Second World War, is the most common boundary, though some historians prefer 1914, the outbreak of the First World War, as the true close of the long nineteenth century, treating 1914 to 1945 as a distinct era of crisis in its own right.
Source The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century
The Maya Civilization, Start Year-2000
The Maya Civilization, Civilizations
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -2000
The Preclassic period, when settled village life and the earliest monumental construction begin, is conventionally dated from around 2000 BCE, though the date rests on scattered archaeological evidence that is revised as excavation continues.
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Mongol Conquests, Death Toll, Low Estimate30000000.000000
The Mongol Conquests, Events
Standing
Concerns Death Toll, Low Estimate
Currently States 30000000.000000
Estimates for the Mongol conquests' total death toll range roughly 30 to 60 million (perhaps 10 percent of the era's world population), and the uncertainty is very high: medieval sources are sparse, often hostile court chronicles, and modern figures are extrapolated from regional population data before and after conquest. Some regions (Khwarezmia, Persia, northern China) are estimated to have lost 50 to 75 percent of their population; China's population fell from roughly 120 million around 1200 to about half that by the late 1300s.
Source The Cambridge Medieval History
The Mongol Conquests, Death Toll, High Estimate60000000.000000
The Mongol Empire, End Year1260
The Mongol Empire, Polities
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 1260
The unified empire's end is dated variously to 1259, the death of Great Khan Mongke, after which effective unified rule ceased, to 1260, the succession war between Kublai and Ariq Boke that followed, or to 1368, the fall of the Yuan dynasty in China, the last of the successor khanates to hold the imperial title. This entry uses 1260 as the conventional close of genuinely unified rule, before the khanates hardened into separate states.
Source The Cambridge Medieval History
The Neolithic Period, Start Year-10000
The Neolithic Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -10000
Conventionally opened around 10,000 BCE with the beginnings of farming in the Fertile Crescent; the transition happened at very different calendar dates in different regions.
Source Wikipedia
The Neolithic Period, End Year-2000
The Neolithic Period, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States -2000
Conventionally closed around 2,000 BCE; regions reached the Bronze Age, and so left the Neolithic, at very different times.
Source Wikipedia
The Neolithic Revolution, Year-10000
The Neolithic Revolution, Events
Standing
Concerns Year
Currently States -10000
The date is an approximation drawn from the earliest well dated farming sites in the Fertile Crescent. The transition unfolded gradually over centuries rather than at a single moment, and began thousands of years later in other regions of the world.
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Old Babylonian Empire, Start Year-1894
The Old Babylonian Empire, Polities
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -1894
The First Dynasty of Babylon is conventionally founded in 1894 BCE by Sumu-abum, though the city's political importance genuinely begins with Hammurabi's unification campaigns roughly a century and a half later. Chronologies of this period, the high, middle and low Mesopotamian chronologies, can differ by more than a century, unresolved because no fixed astronomical anchor exists for dates this early.
Source The Cambridge Ancient History