Treaty of Nerchinsk

The Treaty of Nerchinsk was a peace treaty signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty following Russia's defeat at the Siege of Albazin. It was signed on 27 August 1689 by Songgotu for the Kangxi Emperor and Fyodor Golovin for the Russian tsars Peter I and Ivan V, and was the first formal treaty China ever signed with a Western power. To avoid translation disputes, its authoritative text was written in Latin, with secondary translations into Russian and Manchu, and its physical border markers were inscribed in Chinese, Manchu, Russian and Latin even though no official Chinese-language text of the treaty existed for another two centuries.