Crown, Pope and Church: Documents of Church and State from 1122 to 1993

The agreement of 23 September 1122 between Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V ended the Investiture Controversy. Henry gave up investing bishops and abbots with ring and crosier and opened appointments to canonical election, while the emperor kept a separate scepter ceremony for the lands tied to each see.

Compiled in 1192 by Cardinal Cencius Camerarius, later Pope Honorius III, this register listed the churches and monasteries that owed dues to the papacy. It was left with blank spaces for later updates, and one historian called it the most significant document of medieval ecclesiastical centralization.

Signed in Rome on 18 August 1516 by Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, it replaced the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. The king won the right to nominate bishops, abbots and priors, while the pope kept canonical installation and the annates, and the Parlement of France and the University of Paris opposed it bitterly.

Charles V issued this decree in 1521 at the end of the Diet of Worms, after Martin Luther refused to recant. It declared Luther a notorious heretic and banned the spreading of his teachings in the Empire, and it is regarded as the first open breach in the church tied to the Reformation.

This papal bull of Innocent X, promulgated in 1653, condemned five propositions said to come from Cornelius Jansen's Augustinus. They concerned grace and free will, and the fifth was condemned only in the sense that Christ died solely for the predestined, which shows the pope ruling on doctrine rather than office.

Signed on 11 February 1929 in the Lateran Palace, the treaty between Italy and Pope Pius XI settled the Roman Question. It recognized Vatican City as an independent state under the Holy See and paid the Church compensation for the Papal States, and it was significantly revised in 1984.

Signed on 20 July 1933 by Eugenio Pacelli and Franz von Papen, this treaty guaranteed Catholic Church rights in Germany while requiring bishops to swear loyalty to the German head of state and clergy to stay out of party politics. The Nazis began breaching it soon after, prompting the 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge.

Four Jesuit historians assembled these eleven volumes of Vatican archives on Pius XII and the Second World War, published between 1965 and 1981. The release broke the usual seventy five year archive closure after the controversy over Rolf Hochhuth's play The Deputy.

Adopted in 1993 at the University of Balamand in Lebanon by the Catholic-Orthodox theological commission, it calls the two churches sister churches and affirms freedom of conscience. It also states that uniatism is no longer an acceptable path to unity, and both sides found parts of it controversial.