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Who Holds the Land, the Water and the Sky: Documents of Territory and Resources from 1432 to 2016

8 stops

These eight documents each settle a question of who holds, owes or may use a piece of the world, from a church property register of 1432 to a river agreement whose dams were removed by 2024. Read in order, they show territory and resources being fixed on paper by churches, crowns, empires, tribes and states, and then, in the twentieth century, being treated as shared ground that no nation may claim.

Stop 1 of 8.
Historical Documents

Compiled for the Archdiocese of Nidaros around 1432 to 1433, this register lists more than three thousand farms by county with the income and dues each owed to the church. It is the path's starting point because it shows land recorded as a stream of obligations, and historians use it for the economic and settlement history of late medieval Norway.

Stop 2 of 8.
Historical Documents

Signed in 1529, this treaty settled the rival Spanish and Portuguese claims to the Moluccas spice islands by fixing an antimeridian line in the eastern Pacific to complement the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. Spain gave up its claim in exchange for a large payment, so a distant territory changed hands for money.

Stop 3 of 8.
Historical Documents

In 1585 the Gaelic and Gaelicised lords of Connacht and Thomond agreed with the English administration at Dublin Castle to replace a patchwork of levies with one fixed annual rent of ten shillings per quarter of inhabited land. It also reorganised the chiefs' traditional territories into baronies within counties, carrying English style administration across the province.

Stop 4 of 8.
Historical Documents

Signed on 25 January 1834 at Langthabal in Manipur, this agreement paid the Rajah of Manipur 500 Sicca Rupees a month because Britain had ceded the Kabaw Valley to the Kingdom of Ava. The payments were to stop if the valley were ever returned.

Stop 5 of 8.
Historical Documents

An agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou and Brulé bands of the Lakota, the Yanktonai Dakota and the Arapaho, made to replace the 1851 treaty. That earlier treaty failed almost at once as miners and settlers entered Indian territory, so this stop shows a land settlement already broken once before it was rewritten.

Stop 6 of 8.
Historical Documents

Dated 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was the first arms control agreement of the Cold War. It made the continent south of 60 degrees south latitude a scientific preserve, guaranteed freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity there.

Stop 7 of 8.
Historical Documents

Opened for signature on 27 January 1967 and in force from 10 October 1967, this treaty forms the basis of international space law. It bars nuclear weapons in space, limits the Moon and other bodies to peaceful use and prevents any country from claiming sovereignty over outer space or a celestial body.

Stop 8 of 8.
Historical Documents

A multi-party agreement on river use and water rights in California and Oregon, discussed from 2005 among the two states, the Karuk, Klamath and Yurok tribes, counties, irrigation districts and conservation groups. Congress missed its January 2016 deadline, a successor settlement followed, the four dams were removed by 2024 and salmon returned to Oregon's stretch of the basin.

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