John of England

John was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century; the baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document considered a foundational milestone in English and later British constitutional history. John was the youngest son of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, and was nicknamed John Lackland because, as a younger son, he was not expected to inherit significant lands; he became Henry's favourite child after Henry faced a failed revolt from John's older brothers, was made Lord of Ireland in 1177, and was proclaimed king after his brother Richard I died in 1199.