Historical kingdoms, duchies and principalities of western and southern Europe, spanning the medieval kingdoms of England, Scotland, France and Great Britain, the French royal duchies of Aquitaine, Burgundy and Normandy and the county of Flanders, the Iberian kingdoms of Asturias, Leon, Navarre and the Crown of Aragon together with the Muslim Iberian taifa kingdoms of Seville, Granada, Zaragoza and Toledo, the Italian kingdoms of Sicily, the Two Sicilies, Sardinia and Naples and the smaller Italian lordships of Milan, Carrara and Gaeta, the Germanic barbarian successor kingdoms of the Ostrogoths, Visigoths and Lombards, and the ancient Greek kingdoms of Macedon and Epirus. A polity is placed here by its own territory sitting in western or southern Europe, the same regional principle this atlas uses to split European polities across eras rather than by any single century or dynasty.