The Principality of Smolensk was a Russian principality centered on the city of Smolensk, becoming an independent principality in 1125 and remaining so until it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1404. The territory controlled access from Veliky Novgorod and Polotsk to the Dnieper River downstream toward Kiev and was linked to the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the main trade routes running east and west, giving Smolensk considerable strategic and commercial importance in medieval Eastern Europe.
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