History Atlas
Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.
296 statements marked Debated.
Basil I, Birth Year811
Basil I, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States 811
811 is the traditional dating given in the lead and early-life sections; some scholars instead estimate a birth in the 830s, which would better explain Emperor Michael III later choosing Basil as his favorite.
Source Wikipedia: Basil I
Bi Sheng, Birth Year972
Bi Sheng, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States 972
Only his death in 1051 is precisely attested in the primary source (Shen Kuo Dream Pool Essays); 972 is the approximate birth year usually given from the traditional biographical range of 972-1051.
Source Wikipedia: Bi Sheng
Boudica, Death Year60
Boudica, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Death Year
Currently States 60
Wikipedia's infobox gives her death as AD 60 or 61, exact year disputed; this uses the earlier year. Her birth date and place are not given by the source at all (only 'Roman Britain'), so no birth fact is recorded here (gap for the depth wave).
Source Boudica (Wikipedia)
Boudican Revolt, Year60
Boudican Revolt, Events
Standing
Concerns Year
Currently States 60
The source gives only circa AD 60-61, an approximate year, never a precise date; recorded here as 60 with the range named in this note, never flattened to a bare clean year.
Source Wikipedia: Boudican Revolt
Carthage, Start Year-814
Carthage, Civilizations
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -814
Ancient historiography (Timaeus and later writers) dated Carthage's founding to 814 BCE and credited Dido of Tyre, whose own historicity is questioned, but the earliest archaeological occupation excavated so far dates only to the eighth century BCE. The atlas records the traditional 814 BCE date while flagging the gap between legend and archaeology as unresolved; see the linked open question.
Source Wikipedia: Carthage
Champa, Government type (class)Federation
Champa, Polities
Standing
Concerns Government type (class)
Currently States Federation
Earlier scholarship treated Champa as a unified kingdom under one monarchy, while more recent scholarship argues it functioned as a federation of independent principalities, so the classification is debated among historians
Source Champa (Wikipedia)
Chandragupta II, Death PlacePataliputra, possibly Ujjain (Gupta Empire)
Chandragupta II, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Death Place
Currently States Pataliputra, possibly Ujjain (Gupta Empire)
Sources place his death at the Gupta capital Pataliputra, though some suggest Ujjain instead.
Source Wikipedia: Chandragupta II
Chandragupta Maurya, Birth Year-340
Chandragupta Maurya, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States -340
Wikipedia's infobox gives his birth only as possibly circa 350-340 BCE, location unknown; this uses the latest year in that range, matching the atlas's convention for a stated range.
Source Chandragupta Maurya (Wikipedia)
Chandragupta Maurya, Death Year-297
Chandragupta Maurya, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Death Year
Currently States -297
Wikipedia's infobox gives his death only as after circa 297 BCE according to Jain tradition, an open lower bound rather than a settled year; this records the stated 297 BCE anchor as debated rather than omitting it.
Source Chandragupta Maurya (Wikipedia)
Charlemagne, Birth Year748
Charlemagne, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States 748
Charlemagne's exact birth year is not certainly known. Most historians now favor 748 CE over the once standard 742, based on later research into the sources.
Source The Cambridge Medieval History
Charlemagne, BirthplaceHerstal, in present-day Belgium (the location most historians favor)
Charlemagne, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birthplace
Currently States Herstal, in present-day Belgium (the location most historians favor)
Charlemagne's birthplace is not securely attested. Besides Herstal, historians have proposed Liege, Aachen, Ingelheim, Duren and Prum, reflecting how little eighth-century record survives; Aachen, sometimes assumed because of his later palace there, is not itself well supported as his birthplace.
Source Wikipedia
Charlemagne, Birth Date0748-04-02
Charlemagne, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Date
Currently States 0748-04-02
Historians increasingly favor 748 over the once-standard 742 for Charlemagne's birth year, per the same scholarship already recorded on birth-year; the day and month (2 April) rest on later tradition rather than a contemporary record, so the exact date stays debated alongside the year.
Source Wikipedia
Classical Antiquity, Start Year-800
Classical Antiquity, Eras
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States -800
Some historians prefer 776 BCE, the traditional date of the first Olympic Games, or 750 BCE, roughly when the Greek alphabet and the earliest poleis appear. 800 BCE is a convenient round marker for the start of the Archaic period rather than a precisely dated event.
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
Classical Antiquity, End Year476
Classical Antiquity, Eras
Standing
Concerns End Year
Currently States 476
476 CE, the traditional date of the deposition of the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, is a convenient political marker, but historians increasingly treat the end of antiquity as a gradual transformation rather than a single collapse, and some prefer 330 CE, the founding of Constantinople, or 500 CE as alternative boundaries.
Source The Cambridge Ancient History
Cleopatra VII, Birth Year-69
Cleopatra VII, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States -69
Conventionally dated to 70 or 69 BCE; ancient sources give no precise record of her birth.
Source The Cambridge Ancient History
Colombia, Start Year1810
Colombia, Polities
Standing
Concerns Start Year
Currently States 1810
The lead names several real, distinct milestones: independence declared in 1810 (recorded here), independence secured and the Gran Colombia period begun in 1819 after a Spanish reconquest, and a centralised republic, the current form, established in 1886. 1810 is recorded as the initial declaration, with 1819 and 1886 named as the real alternates rather than dropped.
Source Wikipedia: Colombia
Confucius, Birth Year-551
Confucius, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Birth Year
Currently States -551
Circa; the cited source gives only c. 551 BCE, an approximation conventional for the Spring and Autumn period.
Source Wikipedia: Confucius
Confucius, Death Year-479
Confucius, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Death Year
Currently States -479
Circa; the cited source gives only c. 479 BCE, an approximation conventional for the Spring and Autumn period.
Source Wikipedia: Confucius
Constantine Laskaris, RoleByzantine Emperor (disputed reign)
Constantine Laskaris, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Role
Currently States Byzantine Emperor (disputed reign)
Wikipedia infobox marks the reign itself as disputed and the lead hedges with may have been.
Source Wikipedia: Constantine Laskaris
Constantine Laskaris, Role (category)Monarch / Royalty
Constantine Laskaris, Historical Figures
Standing
Concerns Role (category)
Currently States Monarch / Royalty
Category derived from this entry's own free-text property; the source property's own status (debated) carries whatever is unresolved, this derived category fact makes no further claim beyond bucketing that same text.
Source Wikipedia: Constantine Laskaris