The Post-Classical and Medieval Period

was a 13th-14th century queen of the Kingdom of Mewar in India

before the Muslim Conquest of 711

its rise to prominence began during the 13th and 14th centuries

urban trading society around the 10th century

Kenyan school history books place the founding of Mombasa as 900 AD

some sources say that the Maya revolted in 1221 against the Maya-Toltec lords of Chichen Itza

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to late 15th centuries

the date 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary

Founded by the Hausa in the 12th century

Around 1300, Great Zimbabwe replaced Mapungubwe as the most important trading centre in the interior

was a medieval polity located in what is now Nigeria

reigned as Queen Regnant of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647

financial record of the real estate revenues of the papacy from 492 to 1192

apparently written in Latin during the 12th century

Infobox: born c. 1393-1406; died 1468 (aged 61-75)

William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 - 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: Williame li Mareschal, French: Guillaume le Maréchal), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman during High Medieval England who served five English kings-Henry II and his son and co-ruler Young Henry, Richard I, John, and Henry III-as a royal adviser and agent, and as a warrior of outstanding prowess.

Infobox: born c. lk=no|1270; died 23 August 1305 (aged about 35)

Robert I (11 July 1274 - 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart am Brusach), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329.

Charles V (21 January 1338 - 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: le Sage; Latin: Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380.

Infobox: born c. 1249; died late 1314 (aged around 65)

Infobox: born c. 1295; died 22 August 1358 (aged 62-63)

Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer of Wigmore, 1st Earl of March (25 April 1287 - 29 November 1330), was an English nobleman and powerful marcher lord who gained many estates in the Welsh Marches and Ireland following his advantageous marriage to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville.

Infobox: born c. 1283; died January 1364 (aged around 81)

Infobox: born circa 941; died 24 October 996 (aged c. 55)

Infobox: born c. 1124; died 1 April 1204 (aged 79-80)

Infobox: born c. 1035; died 29 July 1099 (aged 63-64)

Infobox: born circa 1217; died 1265-02-08

Infobox: born c. 1217; died c. 1255 (aged c. 37-38)

Infobox: born c. 1028|(aged about 59)

Infobox: born 966/967; died 22 May 987 (aged 20-21)

John II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 - 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death in 1364.

Philip IV (April-June 1268 - 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (French: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314.

Louis VII (1120 - 18 September 1180), was King of France from 1137 to 1180.

Infobox: born c. 1022/23; died 14 October 1066

Infobox: born c. 1412; died 30 May 1431 (aged Approx.|19)

Infobox: born between 1428 and 1431; died December 1476 or January 1477 (aged 44-49)

Infobox: born c. 1137; died 4 March Death year and age|1193|1137

Timur (1320s - 17/18 February 1405), also known as Tamerlane, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror, first ruler of the Timurid dynasty, and the founder of the Timurid Empire, which ruled over modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.

Infobox: born c.|1254; died 8 January 1324 (aged 69-70)

Kublai Khan (23 September 1215 - 18 February 1294), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China.

Infobox: born c. 584; died c. 6 November 644 (c. 26 Dhu'l-Hijja 23 AH) (aged 60-61)

Infobox: born 624-2-17; died 705-12-16

Infobox: born c. 573; died 634-8-23

Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 - 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death in 1190.

Infobox: born c. 1043; died 1099-7-10

Ibn Khaldūn (27 May 1332 - 17 March 1406, 732-808 AH) was an Arab Tunisian scholar, historian, philosopher, and sociologist.

Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (30 September 1207 - 17 December 1273), commonly known as Rumi, was a Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Islamic brotherhood known as the Mevlevi Order.

Infobox: born 4 January 1341 or c. 1320; died 15 June 1381 (aged 40 or 61)

Ibn Battuta (; 24 February 1304 - 1368/1369) was a Maghrebi Muslim traveller, explorer, and scholar from Tangier, Morocco.

Infobox: born c. 700 CE; died c. 750 CE

Infobox: born c. 780; died c. 850

Zheng He (Wade-Giles: Chêng Ho; 1371-1433/1435) was a Chinese admiral and diplomat from the early Ming dynasty.

Some historians favour 1398-1448 as the period Kabir lived, while others favour 1440-1518.

Infobox: born 940; died death year and age|1025|940

Infobox: born ; died c. 1359

Ibn Rushd (14 April 1126 - 11 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence, law, and linguistics.

Infobox: born 864 or 865 CE 250 or 251 AH; died death year and age|925|864 CE or death year and age|935|864 CE 313 or 323 AH

Sejong (Korean: 세종; Hanja: 世宗; May 15, 1397 - April 8, 1450), commonly known as Sejong the Great (세종대왕; 世宗大王), was the fourth monarch of the Koreanic state Joseon.

Infobox: born 21 October 1328efn-lr |21 October 1328 is the Julian calendar equivalent of t; died 1398-6-24

Infobox: born c. 980; died 1037-6-22

Infobox: born CE (1094 or 1098); died 1150 CE

Infobox: born 476 CE; died 550 CE (aged 73-74)

Infobox: born c. 1015; died 1066-9-25

Infobox: born Unknown, possibly c. 1254/5; died 1323/4 (age 68-70)

Minamoto no Yoritomo (源 頼朝; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.na.mo.to no (|) jo.ɾʲi.to.mo], May 9, 1147 - February 9, 1199) was a samurai, daimyo and the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate, ruling from 1192 until 1199, also the first shogun in the history of Japan to hold de-facto power over Japan.

Infobox: born 1162; died 1221

Infobox: born 1250s; died 19 June 1285

Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (Arabic: أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد; October 796 - 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaṣim biʾllāh (المعتصم بالله, lit. 'He who seeks refuge in God'), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842.

Infobox: born c. 1290; died c. 1364 (aged 74)

Infobox: born c. 1122/1125; died 1218 (aged c. 95)

Infobox: born c. 995; died 12 November 1035 (aged around 40)

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Arabic: الْمَلِك الظَّاهِر رُكْن الدِّين بَيْبَرْس الْبُنْدُقْدَارِيّ; 1223/1228 - 30 June 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars (بَيْبَرْس) and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أَبُو الْفُتُوح, lit. 'Father of Conquests'), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, ruling from 1260 to 1277.

Nezahualcoyotl Acolmiztli (Classical Nahuatl: Nezahualcoyōtl [nesawalˈkojoːtɬ], ), "Fasting Coyote" (April 28, 1402 - 1472) was tlatoani (king) of the Acolhua altepetl (city-state) of Texcoco from 1431 to his death in 1472, in pre-Columbian Mexico.

Infobox: born c. 1237 or 1247; died 1298 (aged 51-61)

Infobox: born c. May 1265|; died 1321-09-14

Infobox: born 701; died death year and age|762|701

Infobox: born 1077; died 1157-10-77

Khajeh Shams-od-Din Mohammad Hafez Shirazi (1325-1390), also known by his pen name Hafez, was a Persian lyric poet whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as one of the highest pinnacles of Persian literature.

Infobox: born ; died circa 642 CE

Infobox: born c. 1175; died death year and age|1248|1175

Infobox: born c. 1081, likely in Chennevières-lès-Louvres; died 13 January 1151 (aged ~70)

Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (27 September 1389 - 1 August 1464) was an Italian banker and politician who became the de facto ruler of Florence during the Italian Renaissance, and was the first to establish the Medici family as its effective leaders for generations.

Infobox: born c. 970; died c. 1018-c. 1025

Prince Henry the Navigator (4 March 1394 - 13 December 1460), was a Portuguese prince, a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and often credited as one of the main initiators of the Age of Discovery.

Federico da Montefeltro, also known as Federico III da Montefeltro (7 June 1422 - 10 September 1482), was one of the most successful mercenary captains (condottieri) of the Italian Renaissance.

Infobox: born Around 1028; died September-November 1105

Frederick II (Italian: Federico, Sicilian: Fidiricu, German: Friedrich, Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220, and King of Jerusalem from 1225 to 1228.

Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 - 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437.

Charles IV (German: Karl IV.; Czech: Karel IV.; Latin: Carolus IV; also known as Charles of Luxembourg German: Karl von Luxemburg; Czech: Karel Lucemburský; Latin: Carolus Luxemburgensis; Luxembourgish: Karel vu Lëtzebuerg; born Wenceslaus German: Wenzel; Czech: Václav; 14 May 1316 - 29 November 1378) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.

Infobox: born 778; died 840-6-20

Infobox: born 823-6-13; died 877-10-6

Charles the Fat (839 - 13 January 888) was the emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887.

Henry IV (German: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 - 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor (1084-1105), King of Germany (1054-1105), and King of Italy and Burgundy (1056-1105).

Infobox: born c. 990; died 4 June 1039 (aged 48 or 49)

Infobox: born 795; died 29 September Death year and age|855|795

Henry VI (German: Heinrich VI.; November 1165 - 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death.

Henry II (German: Heinrich II.; Italian: Enrico II; Latin: Henricus; 6 May 973 - 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl.

Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 - 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian (Ludwig der Bayer, Latin: Ludovicus Bavarus), was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.

Henry V (German: Heinrich V.; probably 11 August 1081 or 1086 - 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1099 to 1125) and Holy Roman Emperor (from 1111 to 1125), as the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty.

Henry VII (1275 or 1278/79 - 24 August 1313) was the King of Germany from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312.

Otto III (June/July 980 - 23 January 1002) was the Holy Roman emperor and King of Italy from 996 until his death in 1002.

Otto II (955 - 7 December 983), called the Red (German: der Rote), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983.

Henry III (German: Heinrich III, 28 October 1016 - 5 October 1056), called Heinrich the Pious, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1046 until his death in 1056.

Infobox: born 825; died 12 August Death year and age|875|825

Infobox: born c.|850; died 899-12-8

Infobox: born c. 845; died 7 April death year and age|924|845

Otto IV (1175 - 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.

Infobox: born c. 880; died 5 June 928 (aged c. 47/48)

Infobox: born c. June 1075; died 4

Infobox: born c. 880; died 15 October 898 (aged c. 17/18)

Guy III of Spoleto (Italian: Guido, German: Wido, died 12 December 894) was King of Italy since 889, and Emperor since 891.

Orhan Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: اورخان غازی; Turkish: Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan; died March 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362.

Infobox: born 29 June 1326; died 1389-6-15

Infobox: born c. 1360; died 1403-3-8

Infobox: born circa 1386; died 1421-5-26

Infobox: born June 1404; died 1451-2-3

Henry V (16 September 1386 - 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1413 until his death in 1422.

Infobox: born 847-849; died 26 October 899 (aged c. 50-52)

Henry VI (6 December 1421 - 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and claimant to the French throne from 1422 to 1453 under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes.

Richard II (6 January 1367 - c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399.

Infobox: born c. April 1367; died 20 March 1413 (aged 45)

Infobox: born c. 1068; died 1 December 1135 (aged 66-67)

Henry III (1 October 1207 - 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272.

Edward the Confessor (1003/1005 - 5 January 1066) was King of the English from 1042 until his death in 1066.

Infobox: born c. 894; died 27 October 939 (aged about 45)

Edward the Elder (870s? - 17 July 924) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 until his death in 924.

Stephen (1092 or 1096 - 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154.

Æthelred II ( 968-23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from March 978 to December 1013 and again from February 1014 until his death.

Infobox: born c. lk=no|1057; died 2 August 1100 (aged approximately 43-44)

Infobox: born c. 1018; died 8 June Death year and age|1042|1018

Infobox: born 920/921; died 26 May 946 (aged 24-26)

Infobox: born c. 962; died 18 March 978 (aged about 16)

Infobox: born c. 991; died 30 November 1016 (aged 24-25)

Infobox: born c. 923; died 23 November 955 (aged c. 32)

Infobox: born 940/941; died 1 October 959 (aged c. 19)

Harold I (died 17 March 1040), commonly known as Harold Harefoot, was King of England from 1037 to 1040.

Infobox: born ; died 3 February 1014

Infobox: born 943/944; died 8 July 975 (aged 31/32)

Emperor Wen of Sui (隋文帝; 21 July 541 - 13 August 604), personal name Yang Jian (楊堅), childhood name Naluoyan (那羅延), Xianbei name Puliuru Jian (普六茹堅), was the founding emperor of the Sui dynasty of China.

Infobox: born c. 1186; died 11 December 1241 (aged 54-55)

Infobox: born 11 January 1209; died 11 August 1259 (aged 50)

Infobox: born circa 1205; died 1240-10-15

Infobox: born c. 1199; died 1 March 1252 (aged around 53)

Infobox: born ; died 1246

Infobox: born circa 1220; died 1257-4-28

Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (後梁太祖), personal name Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠) (December 5, 852 - July 18, 912), né Zhu Wen (朱溫), name later changed to Zhu Huang (朱晃), nickname Zhu San (朱三, literally, "the third Zhu"), was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician.

Infobox: born December 2, 885; died May 15, 926

Shi Jingtang (Chinese: 石敬瑭; 30 March 892 - 28 July 942), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin (後晉高祖), was the founding emperor of the Later Jin dynasty of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 936 until his death.

Liu Zhiyuan (Chinese: 劉知遠) (March 4, 895 - March 10, 948), later changed to Liu Gao (劉暠), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han (後漢高祖), was the founding emperor of the Shatuo-led Chinese Later Han dynasty, the fourth of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Guo Wei (Chinese: 郭威) (10 September 904 - 22 February 954), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou (後周太祖), was the founding emperor of the Chinese Later Zhou dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 951 until his death in 954.

Infobox: born 872; died 926-9-6

Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 - September 19, 1123), personal name Aguda, sinicised name Min (Chinese: 旻; pinyin: Mín), was the founder and first emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China.

Empress Suiko (推古天皇, Suiko-tennō) (554 - 15 April 628) was the 33rd monarch of Japan, and the country's first and longest-reigning empress regnant, according to the traditional order of succession.

Infobox: born 645; died January 13, 703 (aged 57-58)

Infobox: born circa 1109; died 11 September death year and age|1161|1109

Infobox: born 1081; died 1126-3-08

Jadwiga (Polish: [jadˈviɡa] ; 1373/1374 - 17 July 1399), also known as Hedwig (from German, Hungarian: Hedvig), was Queen of the Kingdom of Poland, as well as its last hereditary ruler.

Margaret I (Danish: Margrete Valdemarsdatter; March 1353 - 28 October 1412) was queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from the late 1380s until her death, and the founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms together for over a century.

Infobox: born 970; died 5

Pope Felix III (died 1 March 492) was the bishop of Rome from 13 March 483 to his death on 1 March 492.

Pope Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 492 to his death on 21 November 496.

Pope Anastasius II (died 19 November 498) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 496 to his death on 19 November 498.

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ([ɕɥɛ̌n.tsʊ́ŋ]; 8 September 685 - 3 May 762), personal name Li Longji, was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756.

Zhao Jiong (20 November 939 - 8 May 997), known as Zhao Guangyi from 960 to 977 and Zhao Kuangyi before 960, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Song, was the second emperor of the Song dynasty of China.

Emperor Huizong of Song (2 November 1082 - 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty of China.

The Yongle Emperor (2 May 1360 - 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1402 to 1424.

Infobox: born Unknown; died 654

Infobox: born ; died 702 or 711

Pope Symmachus (died 19 July 514) was the bishop of Rome from 22 November 498 to his death on 19 July 514.

Infobox: born c. 450; died 6 August 523 (aged 72snd73)

Infobox: born ; died 18 May 526

Pope Felix IV (489/490 - 22 September 530) was the bishop of Rome from 12 July 526 to his death on 22 September 530.

Pope Boniface II (Latin: Bonifatius II; died 17 October 532) was the first Germanic Bishop of Rome.

Infobox: born circa 475; died 8 May 535 (aged 59-60)

Pope Agapetus I (489/490 - 22 April 536) was the bishop of Rome from 13 May 535 to his death on 22 April 536.

Pope Silverius (died 2 December 537) was bishop of Rome from 8 June 536 to his deposition in 537, a few months before his death.

Infobox: born c. 497; died 7 June 555 (aged 57-58)

Empress Genmei (元明天皇, Genmei-tennō; April 20, 660 - December 29, 721), also known as Empress Genmyō, was the 43rd monarch of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Infobox: born 680; died 748-5-22

Infobox: born 718; died 770-71-8

Infobox: born Before 583; died 7 November 604

Infobox: born c. 500; died 3 March 561

Infobox: born 520; died 13 July 574 (aged 53-54)

Infobox: born 524 or 525?; died 30 July 579 (aged 53-56)

Infobox: born Before 553; died 7 February 590

Infobox: born c. 540; died 12 March 604 (aged 63-64)

Infobox: born c. 530; died 22 February 606 (aged 75-76)

Pope Boniface III (Latin: Bonifatius III) was the bishop of Rome from 19 February 607 to his death on 12 November of the same year.

Infobox: born 550; died 8 May 615 (aged 64-65)

Pope Adeodatus I (570 - 8 November 618), also called Deodatus I or Deusdedit, was the bishop of Rome from 19 October 615 to his death on 8 November 618.

Emperor Gaozong of Tang (21 July 628 - 27 December 683), personal name Li Zhi, was the third emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty, ruling from 649 to 683; after January 665, he handed power over the empire to his second wife Empress Wu (the future Wu Zetian), and her decrees were carried out with greater force than the decrees of Emperor Gaozong.

Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (26 November 656 - 3 July 710), personal name Li Xian, and at other times Li Zhe or Wu Xian, was the fourth and seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling briefly in 684 and again from 705 to 710.

Emperor Ruizong of Tang (22 June 662 - 13 July 716), personal name Li Dan, also known at times during his life as Li Xulun, Li Lun, Wu Lun, and Wu Dan, was the fifth and ninth emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.

Infobox: born yihai day, 711; died 762-5-16

Emperor Daizong of Tang (11 November 726 - 10 June 779), personal name Li Yu (name changed in 758 after being created crown prince), né Li Chu (Chinese: 李俶), was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.

Infobox: born May 27, 742; died 805-2-25

Emperor Shunzong of Tang (February to March 761 - February 11, 806), personal name Li Song, was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.

Infobox: born 4 March to 1 April 778; died February 14, 820 (aged 41)

Emperor Muzong of Tang (July 26, 795 - February 25, 824), personal name Li Heng, né Li You (李宥) (name changed 812), was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China.

Infobox: born before 1309; died ca. 1372-1375

Infobox: born before 1406; died 1447

Infobox: born Date of birth unknown; died February 10 or 11, 741

Infobox: born 912-11-23; died 973-5-7

Infobox: born 1161; died death year and age|1230|1161

The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and

The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.

The Duchy of Aquitaine (Occitan: Ducat d'Aquitània, IPA: [dyˈkad dakiˈtanjɔ]; French: Duché d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dyʃe dakitɛn]) was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the river Loire.

The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a country that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

The Ayyubid dynasty (Arabic: الأيوبيون, romanized: al-Ayyūbīyūn), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of Egypt, which was established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate.

Wallachia is a geographical region of modern-day Romania, as well as one of the two historical Romanian principalities that laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern Romanian state.

The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الرّاشدون, romanized: al-Khilāfat ar-Rāshidun) was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit. "successors"): Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, collectively known as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs.

The Timurid Empire was a late medieval Turco-Mongol, culturally Persianate, Muslim empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century,

The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysuru.

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Crusader Kingdom, was one of the Crusader states established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade.

The Umayyad Caliphate, or the Umayyad Empire (; ), was the second Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. It succeeded the

The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division.

The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩, romanized: Ērānšahr, lit. 'Empire of the Iranians'), was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD (the era of late antiquity).

The Fatimid Caliphate (; Arabic: الخلافة الفاطمیّة, romanised: al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty.

The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries, with Cairo as its capital.

The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.

The Sultanate of Rum, or Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, was a culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim state established over conquered Byzantine territories

The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.

The Republic of Florence (Old Italian: Republica di Fiorenza; contemporary Italian: Repubblica di Firenze), also known as the Florentine Republic (Latin: Res publica Florentina; Old Italian: Republica Fiorentina; contemporary Italian: Repubblica Fiorentina [reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna]), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany.

The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.

The Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгородская республика, romanized: Novgorodskaya respublika), formally known as Lord Novgorod the Great, was a city-state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northwestern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.

The Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.

The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its

The Kanem-Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad.

The Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo: Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Portuguese: Reino do Congo; Latin: Regnum Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa. It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.

The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (lit. 'Great State' in Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire.

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', was the first East Slavic state and, later, an amalgam of principalities, in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania.

The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 until

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The Catholic kingdom emerged as a

The Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: České království), or just Bohemia (Czech: Čechy) sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

The Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae; Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia; Italian: Regno di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.

The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a kingdom in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.

Srivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia) that influenced much of Southeast Asia.

Joseon (English: CHOH-sun; Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; also romanized as Chosun), officially Great Joseon State (대조선국; 大朝鮮國), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897.

Champa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam from

The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn (alt.

The Kilwa Sultanate was a sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day, Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast.

The Jolof Empire (Arabic: امبراطورية جولوف), also known as Great Jolof or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof state in modern-day Senegal, that ruled portions of Mauritania and Gambia from the mid-14th century (or possibly earlier) until 1549.

The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors.

The Khazars (/kəˈzɑːrz/) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who established a major commercial empire in the late 6th century CE spanning the south of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, and western Kazakhstan.

The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d.

Majapahit (Javanese: ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀, romanized: Måjåpahit; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta], Sanskrit: विल्वतिक्त, romanized: vilvatikta), was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand.

The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (maṇḍala) in Mainland Southeast Asia centred on the ancient city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand.

Lan Xang (Lao: ລ້ານຊ້າງ, pronounced [lâːn sâːŋ]), also spelled Lan Sang, was a Lao kingdom that held the area of present-day Laos from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia.

The Malacca Sultanate (; Jawi script: ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis

Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor or Chimú Empire) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈmu]). The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the Moche culture, and was later conquered by the Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region.

Muisca Confederations were loose confederations of different Muisca chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.

Waalo (Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Sultanate of Ifat, known as Wafāt or Awfāt in Arabic texts, or the Kingdom of Zeila was a medieval Sunni Muslim state in the eastern regions of the Horn of Africa between the late 13th century and early 15th century.

The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that encompassed the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria from 1438 until 1552. The khanate covered

The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state established by Hacı I Giray existing from 1441 to 1783.

The Purépecha Empire, also known as the Kingdom of Tzintzuntzan (Purépecha: Ts'intsúntsani Iréchikwa, [tsʰin'd͡zund͡zani̥ i'ɾet͡ʃikʷa]), was a polity

The Sultanate of the Maldive Islands was an Islamic monarchy that controlled the Maldives for over eight centuries (1153-1968), with one interruption from 1953-1954.

The Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in AD.

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغ‌قویونلولار; Persian: آق‌ قویونلو) was a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim tribal confederation.

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (, ; ), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Muslim dynasty that ruled

The Karamanids (Turkish: Karamanoğulları or Karamanoğulları Beyliği), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (Turkish: Karamanoğulları Beyliği), was a Turkish Anatolian beylik (principality) of Salur tribe origin, descended from Oghuz Turks, centered in south-central Anatolia around present-day Karaman Province.

The Tui Tonga Empire, or Tongan Empire, are descriptions sometimes given to Tongan expansionism and projected hegemony in Oceania which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200-1500.

The Lan Na Kingdom, also spelled Lanna, was a kingdom centered in present-day Northern Thailand which existed from the 13th to

The Ahom kingdom (English: /ˈɑːhɔːm/, Assamese: [aɦʊm]), or Kingdom of Assam, was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley. It is conventionally dated from 1228 to 1826, although the chronology of its foundation is disputed.

The Kakatiya dynasty (IAST: Kākatīya) was a Telugu dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries.

The Gajapati Empire was a medieval powerful Hindu monarchy in the Indian subcontinent, originally from the region of Odisha that reigned from c.1434 to 1541. At its peak, it ruled parts of modern-day West Bengal to Tiruchirappalli (modern-day Tamil Nadu).

The Reddy Kingdom or Kondavidu Reddy Kingdom existed from 1325 to 1448 CE in southern India.

The Republic of Pisa (Italian: Repubblica di Pisa) was an independent state existing from the 11th to the 15th century, centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade for a century, before being surpassed and superseded by the Republic of Genoa.

The Taifa of Seville (Arabic: طائفة إشبيليّة Ta'ifat-u Ishbiliyyah) was an Arab kingdom which was ruled by the Abbadid dynasty.

The Taifa of Granada (Arabic: طائفة غرناطة, Ta'ifat Gharnata) or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following the deposition of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II in 1009.

The Hoysala Kingdom was a prominent South Indian dynasty that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, as well as parts of Tamil Nadu and southwestern Telangana, between the 11th and 14th centuries CE.

The Western Chalukya Empire ( chə-LOO-kyə) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannada dynasty is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan in the modern Bidar district of Karnataka state, and alternatively the Later Chalukya from its theoretical relationship to the 6th-century Chalukya dynasty of Badami.

The Rashtrakuta Empire (Kannada: [raːʂʈrɐkuːʈɐ]) was an early medieval Indian empire ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries.

The Pandya dynasty (Tamil: [paːɳɖijɐr]), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.

The Pallava dynasty ruled from 275 to 897 in southern India, including a significant portion of the Deccan and Tondaimandalam.

The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnāta Empire, was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of Southern India.

Funan was a loose network of ancient Indianized states (mandalas) located in Mainland Southeast Asia, covering parts of present-day Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, that existed from the 1st to the 7th century CE.

The Pagan Kingdom (Burmese: ပုဂံပြည် Băgam pyi [bəɡàɰ̃ pji]; lit. 'Bagan state'), also called Bagan Empire (ပုဂံဧကရာဇ်နိုင်ငံတော်) or the First Burmese Empire, was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar.

The Duchy of Amalfi (Latin: Ducatus Amalphitanus) or the Republic of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centered on the Southern European city of Amalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries.

The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe.

The taifa of Zaragoza (Arabic: طائفة سرقسطة) was an independent Arab Muslim state in the east of Al-Andalus (present-day Spain) with its capital in Saraqusta (Zaragoza) city.

The Taifa of Toledo (Arabic: طائفة طليطلة, romanized: ṭa'ifat ṭulayṭula) was an Islamic polity (taifa) located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula in the High Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Dhunnunids, a Hawwara Berber clan.

The Grand Principality of Moscow, before 1389 the Principality of Moscow, also known by the exonym Muscovy, was a late medieval Russian monarchy.

The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia, known as the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia before 1253, and also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of

The Pskov Republic (Russian: Псковская республика, romanized: Pskovskaya respublika), formally known as Lord Pskov (Russian: Господин Псков), was a city-state in northwestern Russia. Its capital city was Pskov and its territory was roughly equivalent to modern-day Pskov Oblast.

The Grand Principality of Vladimir, before 1157 the Principality of Suzdal, commonly known as Vladimir-Suzdal, or simply Suzdalia, was a Russian principality.

The Kara-Khanid Khanate (Persian: قراخانیان, romanized: Qarākhāniyān; Chinese: 喀喇汗國; pinyin: Kālā Hánguó), also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids (Persian: آل افراسیاب, romanized: Āl-i Afrāsiyāb, lit. 'House of Afrasiab'), was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.

The Principality of Polotsk (obsolete spelling: Polock; Belarusian: По́лацкае кня́ства, romanized: Połackaje kniastva; Latin: Polocensis Ducatus), also known as the Duchy of Polotsk or Polotskian Rus', was a medieval principality.

The Principality of Smolensk, also known as the Grand Principality of Smolensk, was a Russian principality with its capital in Smolensk.

The Principality of Tver (Russian: Тверское княжество, romanized: Tverskoye knyazhestvo) was a Russian principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver.

The Kingdom of Navarre ( nə-VAR), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.

The Kingdom of León was a medieval state situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession.

The Duchy of Burgundy (; Latin: Ducatus Burgundiae; French: Duché de Bourgogne) was a medieval and early modern feudal polity in north-western regions of historical Burgundy. It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté).

The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.

The Kingdom of Asturias was a medieval monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius.

The Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, and a barbarian kingdom established under Gaiseric (or Genseric), a Vandalic warlord.

The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae), was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.

The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Latin: Regnum Gothorum) was a barbarian kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th century.

The Kingdom of the Lombards, also known as the Lombard Kingdom and later as the Kingdom of all Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae), was an early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century.

The Carolingian Empire (800-887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

The Republic of Siena (Italian: Repubblica di Siena, Latin: Respublica Senensis) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and southern Tuscany, Central Italy. It existed for over 400 years, from 1125 to 1555.

The term Norwegian Realm (, , or Noregsveldet) and Old Kingdom of Norway refer to the Kingdom of Norway's peak of power in the 13th century after a

The Duchy of Gaeta (Latin: Ducatus Caietae) was an early medieval state centered on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula due to Lombard and Saracen incursions.

The Genoese colonies were a series of economic and trade posts in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

The Jin dynasty (, ), officially the Great Jin (), was a Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Wanyan clan that existed

The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (), sometimes described as a maritime empire or overseas empire, comprised the maritime and overseas territories

The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (Sinhala: පොළොන්නරුව රාජධානිය, romanized: Polonnaruwa Rājādhaniya) was the Sinhalese kingdom that expanded across the island of Sri Lanka from 1070 until 1232. The kingdom unified the island and started expanding its overseas influence during the reign of Parakramabahu the Great.

The Lordship of Milan was a state in Northern Italy created in May 1259 following the election of Martino della Torre as lord of Milan.

The Kingdom of Castile was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

The Great Law of Peace, also known as Gayanashagowa, is the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, established circa 1102 CE among the Fi

' copy of the Declaration from 1320, in the National Archives of Scotland

The Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I.

Infobox date: 534---df=y

Infobox date: 1275

The Provisions of Oxford (Latin: Provisiones Oxonie or Oxoniae) were constitutional reforms to the government of late medieval England adopted during the Oxford Parliament of 1258 to resolve a dispute between Henry III of England and his barons.

The Paston Letters are a collection of correspondence between members of the Paston family of Norfolk gentry and others connected with them in England

The Correspondence between Leo III and Umar II is a celebrated but likely fictional polemical exchange between the Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717-7

Aslak Bolt's cadastre (; written 1432-1433) is a Norwegian cadastre, a detailed register of properties and incomes of the Archdiocese of Nidaros.

The Summa Parisiensis is an anonymous commentary on the Decretum Gratiani from about 1170.

Spondent quas non exhibent (sometimes referred to as Spondent pariter) is a papal decretal promulgated in 1317 by Pope John XXII forbidding the practi

The Concordat of Worms (Latin: Concordatum Wormatiense; German: Wormser Konkordat), also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.

The First Crusade (1096-1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, which were initiated, supported and at times directed by the L

The Third Crusade (1189-1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer

The Second Crusade (1147-1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County

The Siege of Baghdad, also known as the Sack of Baghdad, took place in early 1258. A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, at

The Battle of Poitiers was fought on 19 September 1356, during the Hundred Years' War, between a French army commanded by King John II and an Anglo-Gascon force under Edward, the Black Prince.

The Despenser War (1321-22) was a baronial revolt against Edward II of England led by the Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun. The rebe

The Siege of Valencia (1092-1094) was fought between Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, later revered as “El Cid” and Ibn Jahhaf, the Muslim ruler of the Taifa o

The Abbasid revolution (Arabic: اَلثَّوْرَة اَلْعَبَّاسِيَّةِ, romanized: aṯ-Ṯawra al-ʿAbbāsiyyah), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), the second major caliphate, by the Hashimiyya movement, resulting in the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517), the third major caliphate.

in 550 (a decade after the Plague of Justinian) with Justinian's conquests shown in green

The Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. I

Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by Amr ibn al-As conquered Byzantine Egypt between 639 and 642 AD. The conquest ended the Roman period in Egypt,

The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk; Arabic: معركة اليرموك) was a major battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate near the Yarmouk River in Byzantine Syria that marked a crucial point in the Muslim conquest of Syria.

The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogoths (Goths) took place from 535 to 554 in the Itali

The Silla-Tang War (670-676) occurred between the Silla kingdom of Korea (joined by Goguryeo and Baekje loyalists) and the Tang dynasty of China. It b

The Norman Conquest of England (or the Conquest) was an 11th-century invasion by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France.

The Sultanate of Mogadishu (Somali: Saldanadda Muqdisho, Arabic: سلطنة مقديشو), also known as Kingdom of Magadazo, was a medieval Muslim sultanate centered in southern Somalia.

The Kingdom of Sine (or Siin in Serer, variations: Sin or Siine) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal.

The Chutia kingdom (also Sadiya, Pron: English: /ˈsʊtɪjə/, Assamese: [sutija] or Sutia) was a late medieval state that developed around Sadiya in present Assam and adjoining areas in Arunachal Pradesh.

The Lordship of Carrara (Italian: Signoria di Carrara) was a feudal state in medieval Italy, centered in the town of Carrara in present-day northern Tuscany.

The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of modern-day Belgium and north-eastern France.

The Wari Empire or Huari Empire was a political formation that emerged in around 600 CE in Peru's Ayacucho Basin and grew to cover much of coastal and highland Peru.

The Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or "on this side of the lighthouse", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1302).

In 1119, the French knight Hugues de Payens approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and proposed creating a monastic Catholic religious order for the protection of these pilgrims.

The monastic Hospitaller Order was formally created when the Pope issued the papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis on 15 February 1113.

founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre.

They unified peninsular India south of the Tungabhadra River and held the territory as one state for three centuries between 907 and 1215 CE.

The Kaan kingdom was a dominant entity in the Maya lowlands, reaching its peak of power and influence between around 500 and 750 AD.

In circa 950 AD, Yap became the seat of the empire when Gatcheper village in the chiefdom of Gagil (modern-day Gagil Municipality) established an expansive maritime trade network and exerted socioeconomic and political influence to its neighboring islands to the east.

Either way, the royal family was devoted to the Spirits of Thunder (Jakuta) and War (Ogun). === Pre-Imperial period (13th century-1535) === The founding of Oyo is regarded as 1300, but this is only estimated through backtracking the chronology.

The statute was issued by the Duke of Greater Poland Bolesław the Pious on September 8, 1264 in Kalisz.

The Kingdom of Zazzau () was a Hausa kingdom centred on the city of Zazzau (now Zaria) in modern-day northern Nigeria established sometime in the early second millennium, and endured until its conquest during the jihad of Usman dan Fodio in 1804.

The first identifiable mention of the imperial dynasty in written records was made by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830.

Murasaki Shikibu (紫式部; [mɯ.ɾa.sa.kʲi ɕi̥.kiꜜ.bɯ, -ɕi̥ꜜ.kʲi-], c. 973, c. 1014 or 1025), or Shijo (紫女; [ɕiꜜ.(d)ʑo], lit. 'Lady Murasaki'), was a Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court in the Heian period.

The Kingdom of Katsina was a Hausa kingdom centred on the city of Katsina in modern-day northern Nigeria that was established some time in the early second millennium CE, and endured until its conquest in 1805/6 during the jihad of Usman dan Fodio.

The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded c. 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia.