Edward I of England

Edward I, byname Edward Longshanks, was king of England from 1272 to 1307, the eldest son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. His reign combined administrative and legal reform, the great statutes of 1275 to 1290 earning him the later epithet the 'English Justinian', with the conquest of Wales and prolonged, ultimately unsuccessful wars to establish English overlordship over Scotland. He summoned the Parliament of 1295, later styled the Model Parliament for including representatives of the shires, boroughs and lower clergy together, though historians now caution the label overstates the assembly's novelty: each element had appeared separately before, and Edward varied the composition of his parliaments from one summons to the next rather than fixing on any template. In 1290, having already stripped England's Jewish community of most of its wealth through taxation, he issued the Edict of Expulsion, ordering every Jew out of the kingdom in return for a large parliamentary grant; no legal Jewish community would exist openly in England again for over three and a half centuries. His later years, after the deaths of Queen Eleanor of Castile in 1290 and his chancellor Robert Burnell in 1292, turned harder and more autocratic, and the simultaneous wars in France, Wales and Scotland exhausted his finances and strained his subjects' loyalty. He died at Burgh by Sands, near Carlisle, while marching to put down Robert the Bruce's renewed Scottish rebellion.