European Monarchs

Kings, queens, emperors and other reigning heads of European states and dynasties, covering more than two thousand years from the Roman Empire and its barbarian successor kingdoms through the medieval feudal monarchies of England, France, the German lands and Iberia to the constitutional crowns of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Because the set is too large to browse as one list it splits below into nine regional and dynastic groups: England and Britain, the Holy Roman Empire and German speaking lands, France, Iberia, Italy and the papacy, Russia, Scandinavia and the Low Countries, ancient Greece and the Hellenistic successor states, and the smaller kingdoms of eastern Europe together with the crusader states. A ruler belongs here by the European territory or dynasty named as the seat of their own reign, not by any campaign or exile fought elsewhere; a monarch who also held a non-European throne, such as a British sovereign's separate title as Emperor of India, is placed by their primary European crown.