Peace Treaties That Ended Wars, 843 to 1905

Agreed on 10 August 843, it ended a three-year civil war among Charlemagne's grandsons and split the Carolingian Empire into West Francia, East Francia and a central strip held by Lothair I.

Signed on 27 August 1689 by Songgotu for the Kangxi Emperor and Fyodor Golovin for Russia, it was the first formal treaty China signed with a Western power, with its authoritative text in Latin.

A series of peace treaties signed between April 1713 and February 1715 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession; Philip V kept Spain on condition the French and Spanish crowns never unite, and Britain gained Gibraltar and Menorca.

Concluded on 10 September 1721 between Russia and Sweden, it was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War, following Sweden's earlier settlements at Stockholm and Frederiksborg in 1720.

A 1795 treaty of peace between the United States and Indigenous nations of the Northwest Territory, including the Wyandot and Delaware peoples, that redefined the boundary between their lands and territory open to American settlement.

Signed on 2 February 1848 near Mexico City, it ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico ceded roughly 55 percent of its pre-war territory and the Rio Grande became the southern boundary of Texas.

Several unequal treaties signed in June 1858 among the Qing dynasty, Russia, France, the United Kingdom and the United States; they opened more ports, permitted legations in Beijing and ended the first phase of the Second Opium War.

Signed on 13 July 1878 after Russia's victory over the Ottoman Empire, it reversed some of Russia's gains in the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano, with Bismarck chairing the Congress of Berlin.

Signed on 17 April 1895, it ended the First Sino-Japanese War: China recognized Korea's independence, ceded Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and the Liaodong Peninsula, and paid an indemnity of 200 million taels of silver.

Signed on 5 September 1905 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, it ended the Russo-Japanese War with Theodore Roosevelt mediating, and recognized Japan's dominant position in Korea.