The Post-Classical and Medieval Period

Infobox: born c. 1393-1406; died 1468 (aged 61-75)

Infobox: born 1146 or 1147; died 1219-5-14

Infobox: born c. lk=no|1270; died 23 August 1305 (aged about 35)

Infobox: born 11 July 1274; died 1329-6-7

Infobox: born 21 January 1338; died 1380-9-16

Infobox: born c. 1249; died late 1314 (aged around 65)

Infobox: born c. 1295; died 22 August 1358 (aged 62-63)

Infobox: born 25 April 1287; died 1330-11-29

Infobox: born c. 1283; died January 1364 (aged around 81)

Infobox: born circa 941; died 24 October 996 (aged c. 55)

Infobox: born c. 1124; died 1 April 1204 (aged 79-80)

Infobox: born c. 1035; died 29 July 1099 (aged 63-64)

Infobox: born circa 1217; died 1265-02-08

Infobox: born c. 1217; died c. 1255 (aged c. 37-38)

Infobox: born c. 1028|(aged about 59)

Infobox: born 966/967; died 22 May 987 (aged 20-21)

Infobox: born 26 April 1319; died 1364-4-8

Infobox: born 8 April, June 1268; died 29 November 1314 (aged 46)

Infobox: born 1120; died 18

Infobox: born c. 1022/23; died 14 October 1066

Infobox: born c. 1412; died 30 May 1431 (aged Approx.|19)

Infobox: born between 1428 and 1431; died December 1476 or January 1477 (aged 44-49)

Infobox: born c. 1137; died 4 March Death year and age|1193|1137

Infobox: born 1320s; died 17/18 February 1405

Infobox: born c.|1254; died 8 January 1324 (aged 69-70)

Infobox: born 1215-09-23; died 1294-02-18

Infobox: born c. 584; died c. 6 November 644 (c. 26 Dhu'l-Hijja 23 AH) (aged 60-61)

Infobox: born 624-2-17; died 705-12-16

Infobox: born c. 573; died 634-8-23

Infobox: born Mid-December 1122; died 1190-6-10

Infobox: born c. 1043; died 1099-7-10

Infobox: born 27 May 1332; died 17

Infobox: born 30 September 1207; died 17 December 1273 (aged 66)

Infobox: born 4 January 1341 or c. 1320; died 15 June 1381 (aged 40 or 61)

Infobox: born 24 February 1304; died 1369 (aged 64-65)

Infobox: born c. 700 CE; died c. 750 CE

Infobox: born c. 780; died c. 850

Infobox: born 1371; died death year and age|1433|1371 or death year and age|1435|1371

Infobox: born 1398; died

Infobox: born 940; died death year and age|1025|940

Infobox: born ; died c. 1359

Infobox: born 1126-4-14; died 1198-12-11

Infobox: born 864 or 865 CE 250 or 251 AH; died death year and age|925|864 CE or death year and age|935|864 CE 313 or 323 AH

Infobox: born 1397-05-15; died 1450-04-08

Infobox: born 21 October 1328efn-lr |21 October 1328 is the Julian calendar equivalent of t; died 1398-6-24

Infobox: born c. 980; died 1037-6-22

Infobox: born CE (1094 or 1098); died 1150 CE

Infobox: born 476 CE; died 550 CE (aged 73-74)

Infobox: born c. 1015; died 1066-9-25

Infobox: born Unknown, possibly c. 1254/5; died 1323/4 (age 68-70)

Infobox: born May 9, 1147; died February 9, 1199 (aged 51)

Infobox: born 1162; died 1221

Infobox: born 1250s; died 19 June 1285

Infobox: born October 796; died 5 January 842 (aged 45)

Infobox: born c. 1290; died c. 1364 (aged 74)

Infobox: born c. 1122/1125; died 1218 (aged c. 95)

Infobox: born c. 995; died 12 November 1035 (aged around 40)

Infobox: born 19 July 1223 or 1228; died 30 June 1277 (aged 50/55)

Infobox: born April 28, 1402; died 1472

Infobox: born c. 1237 or 1247; died 1298 (aged 51-61)

Infobox: born c. May 1265|; died 1321-09-14

Infobox: born 701; died death year and age|762|701

Infobox: born 1077; died 1157-10-77

Infobox: born c.|1325; died death year and age|1390|1325

Infobox: born ; died circa 642 CE

Infobox: born c. 1175; died death year and age|1248|1175

Infobox: born c. 1081, likely in Chennevières-lès-Louvres; died 13 January 1151 (aged ~70)

Infobox: born 27 September 1389; died 1464-8-1

Infobox: born c. 970; died c. 1018-c. 1025

Infobox: born 1394-3-4; died 1460-12-13

Infobox: born 1422-6-7; died 1482-9-10

Infobox: born Around 1028; died September-November 1105

Infobox: born 26 December 1194; died 1250-12-13

Infobox: born 15 February 1368; died 1437-12-9

Infobox: born 1316-5-14; died 1378-11-29

Infobox: born 778; died 840-6-20

Infobox: born 823-6-13; died 877-10-6

Infobox: born 839; died 13 January 888 (aged 48-49)

Infobox: born 1050-11-11; died 1106-8-7

Infobox: born c. 990; died 4 June 1039 (aged 48 or 49)

Infobox: born 795; died 29 September Death year and age|855|795

Infobox: born November 1165; died 1197-9-28

Infobox: born 6 May 973; died 1024-7-13

Infobox: born 1 April 1282; died 1347-10-11

Infobox: born c. 11 August 1081/1086; died 23 May 1125 (aged 38 or 43)

Infobox: born probably between 1275 and 1278/79; died 24 August 1313 (aged 38)

Infobox: born June/July 980; died 1002-1-23

Infobox: born 955; died 7 December 983 (aged 27-28)

Infobox: born 1016-10-28; died 1056-10-5

Infobox: born 825; died 12 August Death year and age|875|825

Infobox: born c.|850; died 899-12-8

Infobox: born c. 845; died 7 April death year and age|924|845

Infobox: born 1175; died 19 May 1218 (aged 42-43)

Infobox: born c. 880; died 5 June 928 (aged c. 47/48)

Infobox: born c. June 1075; died 4

Infobox: born c. 880; died 15 October 898 (aged c. 17/18)

Infobox: born ; died 12 December 894

Infobox: born Unknown; died March 1362

Infobox: born 29 June 1326; died 1389-6-15

Infobox: born c. 1360; died 1403-3-8

Infobox: born circa 1386; died 1421-5-26

Infobox: born June 1404; died 1451-2-3

Infobox: born 16 September 1386; died 31 August 1422 (aged 35)

Infobox: born 847-849; died 26 October 899 (aged c. 50-52)

Infobox: born 6 December 1421; died 1471-5-21

Infobox: born 6 January 1367; died c. 14 February 1400 (aged 33)

Infobox: born c. April 1367; died 20 March 1413 (aged 45)

Infobox: born c. 1068; died 1 December 1135 (aged 66-67)

Infobox: born 1 October 1207; died 16 November 1272 (aged 65)

Infobox: born 1003/1005; died 5 January 1066 (aged 60-63)

Infobox: born c. 894; died 27 October 939 (aged about 45)

Infobox: born Probably mid-870s; died 924-07-17

Infobox: born 1092 or 1096; died 25 October 1154 (aged 57-58 or 61-62)

Æthelred II ( 968-23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from March 978 to December 1013 and again from February 1014 until his death.

Infobox: born c. lk=no|1057; died 2 August 1100 (aged approximately 43-44)

Infobox: born c. 1018; died 8 June Death year and age|1042|1018

Infobox: born 920/921; died 26 May 946 (aged 24-26)

Infobox: born c. 962; died 18 March 978 (aged about 16)

Infobox: born c. 991; died 30 November 1016 (aged 24-25)

Infobox: born c. 923; died 23 November 955 (aged c. 32)

Infobox: born 940/941; died 1 October 959 (aged c. 19)

Infobox: born ; died 17 March 1040

Infobox: born ; died 3 February 1014

Infobox: born 943/944; died 8 July 975 (aged 31/32)

Infobox: born 21 July 541; died 604-08-13

Infobox: born c. 1186; died 11 December 1241 (aged 54-55)

Infobox: born 11 January 1209; died 11 August 1259 (aged 50)

Infobox: born circa 1205; died 1240-10-15

Infobox: born c. 1199; died 1 March 1252 (aged around 53)

Infobox: born ; died 1246

Infobox: born circa 1220; died 1257-4-28

Infobox: born December 5, 852; died 912-7-18

Infobox: born December 2, 885; died May 15, 926

Infobox: born 30 March 892; died 942-7-28

Infobox: born March 4, 895; died March 10, 948 (aged 53)

Infobox: born 10 September 904; died 954-2-22

Infobox: born 872; died 926-9-6

Infobox: born 1 August 1068; died 1123-9-19

(554-15 April 628) was the 33rd monarch of Japan, and the country's first and longest-reigning empress regnant, according to the traditional order of succession.

Infobox: born 645; died January 13, 703 (aged 57-58)

Infobox: born circa 1109; died 11 September death year and age|1161|1109

Infobox: born 1081; died 1126-3-08

Infobox: born 1373-10-03; died 1399-07-17

Infobox: born March 1353; died 28 October 1412 (aged 59)

Infobox: born 970; died 5

Infobox: born ; died 1 March 492

Infobox: born ; died 21 November 496

Infobox: born ; died 19 November 498

Infobox: born 8 September 685; died 762-5-3

Infobox: born 20 November 939; died 997-5-8

Infobox: born 2 November 1082; died 1135-6-4

Infobox: born 2 May 1360; died 1424-8-12

Infobox: born Unknown; died 654

Infobox: born ; died 702 or 711

Infobox: born ; died 19 July 514

Infobox: born c. 450; died 6 August 523 (aged 72snd73)

Infobox: born ; died 18 May 526

Infobox: born c. 489-490; died 22 September 530 (aged 40)

Infobox: born ; died 17 October 532

Infobox: born circa 475; died 8 May 535 (aged 59-60)

Infobox: born c. 489-490; died 22 April 536 (aged 46)

Infobox: born ; died 2 December 537

Infobox: born c. 497; died 7 June 555 (aged 57-58)

Infobox: born April 20, 660; died 721-12-29

Infobox: born 680; died 748-5-22

Infobox: born 718; died 770-71-8

Infobox: born Before 583; died 7 November 604

Infobox: born c. 500; died 3 March 561

Infobox: born 520; died 13 July 574 (aged 53-54)

Infobox: born 524 or 525?; died 30 July 579 (aged 53-56)

Infobox: born Before 553; died 7 February 590

Infobox: born c. 540; died 12 March 604 (aged 63-64)

Infobox: born c. 530; died 22 February 606 (aged 75-76)

Infobox: born ; died 12 November 607 (aged 67)

Infobox: born 550; died 8 May 615 (aged 64-65)

Infobox: born 570; died 8 November 618 (aged 47-48)

Infobox: born 21 July 628; died 683-12-27

Infobox: born 26 November 656; died 710-7-3

Infobox: born 22 June 662; died 716-7-13

Infobox: born yihai day, 711; died 762-5-16

Infobox: born 11 November 726; died 779-6-10

Infobox: born May 27, 742; died 805-2-25

Infobox: born Feb to Mar 761; died February 11, 806 (aged 44-45)

Infobox: born 4 March to 1 April 778; died February 14, 820 (aged 41)

Infobox: born 26 July 795; died 824-2-25

Infobox: born before 1309; died ca. 1372-1375

Infobox: born before 1406; died 1447

Infobox: born Date of birth unknown; died February 10 or 11, 741

Infobox: born 912-11-23; died 973-5-7

Infobox: born 1161; died death year and age|1230|1161

The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and

The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.

The Duchy of Aquitaine (, ; , ) was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the

The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a country that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

The Ayyubid dynasty (), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of

Wallachia is a geographical region of modern-day Romania, as well as one of the two historical Romanian principalities that laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern Romanian state.

The Rashidun Caliphate () was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit. "successors"): Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali,

The Timurid Empire was a late medieval Turco-Mongol, culturally Persianate, Muslim empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century,

The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysuru.

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Crusader Kingdom, was one of the Crusader states established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade.

The Umayyad Caliphate, or the Umayyad Empire (; ), was the second Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. It succeeded the

The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division.

The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr (), was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD (the era

The Fatimid Caliphate (; ), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule

The Mamluk Sultanate (), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to

The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.

The Sultanate of Rum, or Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, was a culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim state established over conquered Byzantine territories

The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.

The Republic of Florence (Old Italian: ; contemporary ), also known as the Florentine Republic (; Old ; contemporary ), was a medieval and early

The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: or , French: ), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.

The Novgorod Republic (), formally known as Lord Novgorod the Great, was a city-state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northwestern

The Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.

The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its

The Kanem-Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad.

The Kingdom of Kongo ( or Wene wa Kongo; ; Latin: Regnum Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa. It was located in present-day northern Angola, the

The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus ( in Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire.

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus, was the first East Slavic state and, later, an amalgam of principalities, in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania.

The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 until

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The Catholic kingdom emerged as a

The Kingdom of Bohemia (), or just Bohemia (Czech: Čechy) sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early

The Kingdom of Sicily (; ; ) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its

The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a kingdom in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.

Srivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia) that influenced much of Southeast Asia.

Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as Chosun), officially Great Joseon State (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded

Champa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam from

The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn (alt.

The Kilwa Sultanate was a sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day, Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast.

The Jolof Empire (), also known as Great Jolof or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof state in modern-day Senegal, that ruled portions of Mauritania and

The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors.

The Khazars () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who established a major commercial empire in the late 6th century CE spanning the south of modern

The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d.

Majapahit ((eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta, was a Javanese

The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand.

The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (maṇḍala) in Mainland Southeast Asia centred on the ancient city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand.

Lan Xang (, ), also spelled Lan Sang, was a Lao kingdom that held the area of present-day Laos from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries,

The Malacca Sultanate (; Jawi script: ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis

Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor or Chimú Empire) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture (). The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the

Muisca Confederations were loose confederations of different Muisca chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.

Waalo () was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and

The Sultanate of Ifat, known as Wafāt or Awfāt in Arabic texts, or the Kingdom of Zeila was a medieval Sunni Muslim state in the eastern regions of the Horn of Africa between the late 13th century and early 15th century.

The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that encompassed the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria from 1438 until 1552. The khanate covered

The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state established by Hacı I Giray existing from 1441 to 1783.

The Purépecha Empire, also known as the Kingdom of Tzintzuntzan (Purépecha: Ts'intsúntsani Iréchikwa, [tsʰin'd͡zund͡zani̥ i'ɾet͡ʃikʷa]), was a polity

The Sultanate of the Maldive Islands was an Islamic monarchy that controlled the Maldives for over eight centuries (1153-1968), with one interruption from 1953-1954.

The Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in AD.

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (, ; ) was a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim tribal confederation. Founded in the

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (, ; ), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Muslim dynasty that ruled

The Karamanids ( or ), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (), was a Turkish Anatolian beylik (principality) of Salur tribe

The Tui Tonga Empire, or Tongan Empire, are descriptions sometimes given to Tongan expansionism and projected hegemony in Oceania which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200-1500.

The Lan Na Kingdom, also spelled Lanna, was a kingdom centered in present-day Northern Thailand which existed from the 13th to

The Ahom kingdom (, ), or Kingdom of Assam, was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley. It is conventionally dated from 1228 to 1826,

The Kakatiya dynasty (IAST: Kākatīya) was a Telugu dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries.

The Gajapati Empire was a medieval powerful Hindu monarchy in the Indian subcontinent, originally from the region of Odisha that reigned from c.1434 to 1541. At its peak, it ruled parts of modern-day West Bengal to Tiruchirappalli (modern-day Tamil Nadu).

The Reddy Kingdom or Kondavidu Reddy Kingdom existed from 1325 to 1448 CE in southern India.

The Republic of Pisa () was an independent state existing from the 11th to the 15th century, centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa. It rose to become

The Taifa of Seville ( Ta'ifat-u Ishbiliyyah) was an Arab kingdom which was ruled by the Abbadid dynasty.

The Taifa of Granada (, ) or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following

The Hoysala Kingdom was a prominent South Indian dynasty that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, as well as parts of Tamil Nadu and southwestern Telangana, between the 11th and 14th centuries CE.

The Western Chalukya Empire ( ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannada dynasty is sometimes

The Rashtrakuta Empire () was an early medieval Indian empire ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries. At

The Pandya dynasty (), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of

The Pallava dynasty ruled from 275 to 897 in southern India, including a significant portion of the Deccan and Tondaimandalam.

The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnāta Empire, was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of Southern India.

Funan was a loose network of ancient Indianized states (mandalas) located in Mainland Southeast Asia, covering parts of present-day Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, that existed from the 1st to the 7th century CE.

The Pagan Kingdom ( ; ), also called Bagan Empire (ပုဂံဧကရာဇ်နိုင်ငံတော်) or the First Burmese Empire, was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar.

The Duchy of Amalfi () or the Republic of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centered on the Southern European city of Amalfi during the 10th

The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik ( in Italian and Latin; in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe.

The taifa of Zaragoza () was an independent Arab Muslim state in the east of Al-Andalus (present-day Spain) with its capital in Saraqusta (Zaragoza)

The Taifa of Toledo () was an Islamic polity (taifa) located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula in the High Middle Ages. It was ruled by the

The Grand Principality of Moscow, before 1389 the Principality of Moscow, also known by the exonym Muscovy, was a late medieval Russian monarchy.

The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia, known as the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia before 1253, and also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of

The Pskov Republic (), formally known as Lord Pskov (), was a city-state in northwestern Russia. Its capital city was Pskov and its territory was

The Grand Principality of Vladimir, before 1157 the Principality of Suzdal, commonly known as Vladimir-Suzdal, or simply Suzdalia, was a Russian principality.

The Kara-Khanid Khanate (; ), also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids (), was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled

The Principality of Polotsk (obsolete spelling: Polock; ; ), also known as the Duchy of Polotsk or Polotskian Rus', was a medieval principality. The

The Principality of Smolensk, also known as the Grand Principality of Smolensk, was a Russian principality with its capital in Smolensk.

The Principality of Tver () was a Russian principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver. The

The Kingdom of Navarre ( ), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western

The Kingdom of León was a medieval state situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Crown of Aragon () was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of

The Duchy of Burgundy (; ; ) was a medieval and early modern feudal polity in north-western regions of historical Burgundy. It belonged to the

The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.

The Kingdom of Asturias was a medieval monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius.

The Vandal Kingdom () or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans () was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, and a barbarian kingdom established under

The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (), was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and

The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths () was a barbarian kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the

The Kingdom of the Lombards, also known as the Lombard Kingdom and later as the Kingdom of all Italy (), was an early medieval state established by

The Carolingian Empire (800-887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

The Republic of Siena (, ) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and southern Tuscany, Central Italy. It existed for over 400 years,

The term Norwegian Realm (, , or Noregsveldet) and Old Kingdom of Norway refer to the Kingdom of Norway's peak of power in the 13th century after a

The Duchy of Gaeta () was an early medieval state centered on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the

The Genoese colonies were a series of economic and trade posts in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

The Jin dynasty (, ), officially the Great Jin (), was a Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Wanyan clan that existed

The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (), sometimes described as a maritime empire or overseas empire, comprised the maritime and overseas territories

The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa () was the Sinhalese kingdom that expanded across the island of Sri Lanka from 1070 until 1232. The kingdom unified the

The Lordship of Milan was a state in Northern Italy created in May 1259 following the election of Martino della Torre as lord of Milan.

The Kingdom of Castile was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

The Great Law of Peace, also known as Gayanashagowa, is the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, established circa 1102 CE among the Fi

' copy of the Declaration from 1320, in the National Archives of Scotland

Infobox date: 10 August 843

Infobox date: 534---df=y

Infobox date: 1275

The Provisions of Oxford ( or Oxoniae) were constitutional reforms to the government of late medieval England adopted during the Oxford Parliament of

The Paston Letters are a collection of correspondence between members of the Paston family of Norfolk gentry and others connected with them in England

The Correspondence between Leo III and Umar II is a celebrated but likely fictional polemical exchange between the Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717-7

Aslak Bolt's cadastre (; written 1432-1433) is a Norwegian cadastre, a detailed register of properties and incomes of the Archdiocese of Nidaros.

The Summa Parisiensis is an anonymous commentary on the Decretum Gratiani from about 1170.

Spondent quas non exhibent (sometimes referred to as Spondent pariter) is a papal decretal promulgated in 1317 by Pope John XXII forbidding the practi

The Concordat of Worms (; ), also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Hol

The First Crusade (1096-1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, which were initiated, supported and at times directed by the L

The Third Crusade (1189-1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquer

The Second Crusade (1147-1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County

The Siege of Baghdad, also known as the Sack of Baghdad, took place in early 1258. A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, at

The Battle of Poitiers was fought on 19September 1356, during the Hundred Years' War, between a French army commanded by King John II and an Anglo-Gas

The Despenser War (1321-22) was a baronial revolt against Edward II of England led by the Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun. The rebe

The Siege of Valencia (1092-1094) was fought between Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, later revered as “El Cid” and Ibn Jahhaf, the Muslim ruler of the Taifa o

The Abbasid revolution (), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), the second major caliphate, by the Hashimiyya movement, resulting in

in 550 (a decade after the Plague of Justinian) with Justinian's conquests shown in green

The Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. I

Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by Amr ibn al-As conquered Byzantine Egypt between 639 and 642 AD. The conquest ended the Roman period in Egypt,

The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk; ) was a major battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate near the Yarmouk River in

The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogoths (Goths) took place from 535 to 554 in the Itali

The Silla-Tang War (670-676) occurred between the Silla kingdom of Korea (joined by Goguryeo and Baekje loyalists) and the Tang dynasty of China. It b

The Norman Conquest of England (or the Conquest) was an 11th-century invasion by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France.

The Sultanate of Mogadishu (, ), also known as Kingdom of Magadazo, was a medieval Muslim sultanate centered in southern Somalia.

The Kingdom of Sine (or Siin in Serer, variations: Sin or Siine) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal.

The Chutia kingdom (also Sadiya, Pron: , or Sutia) was a late medieval state that developed around Sadiya in present Assam and adjoining areas in Arunachal Pradesh.

The Lordship of Carrara () was a feudal state in medieval Italy, centered in the town of Carrara in present-day northern Tuscany.

The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of modern-day Belgium and north-eastern France.

The Wari Empire or Huari Empire was a political formation that emerged in around 600 CE in Peru's Ayacucho Basin and grew to cover much of coastal and highland Peru.

The Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily or "on this side of the lighthouse", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of