Civilizations & Polities

States and the broad civilizational spheres they belong to: empires, kingdoms, caliphates, dynasties, historical and modern republics, and the wide cultural groupings, Near East and Mediterranean, Classical and the like, that a polity, era or figure can be placed within. A polity is grouped here by its own form of government because a state typically persists across many eras, unlike an event or a figure's own lifetime; a civilization is grouped here at the coarsest scale this atlas works, deliberately left without a further subcategory tree at its current small size.