Treaties That Moved the Ottoman, Persian and Qing Frontiers, 1699 to 1878

Signed on 26 January 1699, it concluded the Great Turkish War, in which the Holy League defeated the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Zenta. It ended Ottoman control over much of central Europe and put Habsburg dominance in its place.

Signed in October 1813, it ended the first Russo-Persian War. Qajar Persia ceded most of its Caucasus territories, including Georgia, Dagestan and much of present-day Azerbaijan, to Russia.

Signed on 22 February 1828 in a village between Tabriz and Tehran, it ended the second Russo-Persian War. Persia gave up the khanates of Erivan and Nakhchivan, accepted the Aras River as the border and granted Russian subjects extraterritorial privileges.

Signed on 14 September 1829, it ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1828 to 1829. The Ottomans ceded land in the Caucasus and along the Danube delta, granted autonomy to Serbia and opened the Dardanelles and Bosphorus to international commercial shipping.

Signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, it ended the Crimean War of 1853 to 1856. The Russian Empire had fought an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, so this stop shows Russia checked by a coalition rather than gaining ground.

Signed in May 1858 between Russia and Qing China, it moved the left bank of the Amur River into Russian hands and left the Ussuri region under joint administration. It reversed the boundary that had stood since the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk.

Concluded in 1860, it combines three unequal treaties between the Qing dynasty and Britain, France and Russia. The treaties with France and Britain were signed on 24 October 1860 in a building south of the Forbidden City.

Signed on 3 March 1878 in a village west of Constantinople, it concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 to 1878. Count Nicholas Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov signed for Russia, and Saffet Pasha and Sadullah Pasha for the Ottoman Empire.