Home›Historical Figures›Era›The Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEraThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAlso Known As The Middle AgesThe Post-Classical and Medieval WorldReference and ClassificationDevelopingThe post classical, or medieval, period runs conventionally from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 CE, roughly a thousand years in which the political map of Eurasia was reshaped by the successor kingdoms of western Rome, the Byzantine Empire in the east, the rise and rapid expansion of Islam, and, in the century after 1200, the Mongol conquests that briefly linked much of Asia and eastern Europe under one family's rule. In western Europe the period saw the gradual formation of new kingdoms out of former Roman provinces, the spread of Christianity as the organizing framework of political and intellectual life, the rise of feudalism as a way of organizing land and military obligation, and, from around 1000 CE onward, a slow revival of towns, trade and learning often called the High Middle Ages. Historians increasingly avoid treating the period as a uniform dark age between two golden ages of antiquity and the Renaissance, since it includes the flourishing of Byzantine and Islamic civilization, major intellectual and architectural achievements across Eurasia, and deep, productive contact between Christian, Islamic and other societies through trade, translation and, at times, conflict.FactsThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFAQsConnectionsIn the Other AtlasesSourcesDissenting Readings (2 dissenting readings)Take a Related QuizComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsDisputedStart YearScholarly debate476 1476 CE, the conventional end of the Western Roman Empire, is the most common starting point, but some historians prefer 500 CE as a round marker, and the transition itself is regional and gradual rather than a single dated boundary.End YearScholarly debate1453 11453, the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, is the traditional endpoint, but some historians prefer 1492, Columbus's first Atlantic voyage, or 1500 as a round marker for the beginning of the early modern period. There is no single agreed transition.Geographic ScopeWell-attestedPrimarily a European periodization; the term medieval, meaning the middle age, was coined from a European vantage point to describe the centuries between antiquity and the Renaissance. The era's span also covers the rise and rapid expansion of Islam, the Byzantine Empire, and the Mongol conquests across much of Asia, but East Asian, South Asian and pre-Columbian American history are conventionally periodized on entirely different terms for these same centuries, organized around their own dynastic and civilizational sequences rather than this era's boundary events. 1The Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFilter Results258 entriesRoleAll7th-century Arab military commander (1)Admiral, diplomat and explorer of the early Ming dynasty (1)Andalusian polymath and jurist (1)Byzantine Emperor (25)Byzantine emperor (1081 to 1118) (1)Byzantine emperor (1180 to 1183) (1)Byzantine Emperor (disputed reign) (1)Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391, with interruptions (1)Byzantine emperor from 1347 to 1354 (1)Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425 (1)Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty (1)Byzantine emperor, 610 to 641 (1)Byzantine empress regnant (3)Devotional mystic poet and saint (1)East Frankish (German) king and Holy Roman Emperor (1)Eastern Roman Emperor (2)Eastern Roman emperor, 518 to 527 (1)Eastern Roman emperor, 582 to 602 (1)Elected Byzantine emperor, never crowned (1)Emperor of Nicaea (4)Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (1)Founder and first ruler of the Ottoman beylik (emirate) (1)Founding emperor of the Liao dynasty of China (916 to 926) (1)Founding emperor of the Song Dynasty, reigned 960 to 976 (1)Founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, reigned 618 to 626 (1)Fourth monarch of the Korean state of Joseon (1)Holy Roman Emperor (8)Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy (1)Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1250 (1)Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437 (1)Inventor of movable type printing (1)Italian poet, writer, and philosopher (1)King of Denmark and King of England (1)King of England (1)King of England, 1199 to 1216 (1)King of England, 1272 to 1307 (1)King of England, 1307 to 1327 (1)King of England, 1327 to 1377 (1)King of England, Denmark and Norway (1)King of Norway (1)King of the Anglo-Saxons (1)King of the English (3)King of the Franks and co-emperor with Charlemagne (1)King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor (1)King of West Francia (1)Last reigning Byzantine emperor (1)Leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England (1)Legendary Queen of Mewar (historicity disputed) (1)Mathematician and astronomer (1)Persian poet, author of the Shahnameh (Book of Kings) (1)Senior Byzantine Emperor (1)Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Mevlevi Order (1)Uqaylid emir of Haditha and Anah (1)Lived Era (Birth to Death)All1002 to 1081 (1)1003 to 1066 (1)1006 to 1067 (1)1007 to 1060 (1)1010 to 1041 (1)1015 to 1042 (1)1015 to 1066 (1)1018 to 1042 (1)1028 to 1105 (1)1030 to 1072 (1)1050 to 1090 (1)1050 to 1106 (1)1075 to 1137 (1)1077 to 1157 (1)1081 to 1125 (1)1081 to 1151 (1)1087 to 1143 (1)1094 to 1150 (1)1118 to 1180 (1)1118 to 1185 (1)1122 to 1218 (1)1126 to 1198 (1)1133 to 1189 (1)1147 to 1199 (1)1153 to 1211 (1)1155 to 1227 (1)1156 to 1204 (1)1157 to 1199 (1)1161 to 1230 (1)1162 to 1221 (1)1162 to 1227 (1)1165 to 1197 (1)1166 to 1216 (1)1167 to 1227 (1)1169 to 1183 (1)1170 to 1205 (1)1175 to 1218 (1)1175 to 1221 (1)1175 to 1248 (1)1182 to 1204 (1)1192 to 1254 (1)1194 to 1250 (1)1217 to 1255 (1)1223 to 1277 (1)1224 to 1282 (1)1239 to 1307 (1)1249 to 1314 (1)1250 to 1305 (1)1258 to 1324 (1)1259 to 1332 (1)1265 to 1321 (1)1275 to 1313 (1)1280 to 1337 (1)1282 to 1347 (1)1283 to 1364 (1)1284 to 1327 (1)1290 to 1364 (1)1292 to 1383 (1)1297 to 1341 (1)1304 to 1368 (1)1304 to 1369 (1)1312 to 1377 (1)1315 to 1390 (1)1316 to 1378 (1)1326 to 1389 (1)1328 to 1398 (1)1332 to 1391 (1)1336 to 1405 (1)1350 to 1425 (1)1360 to 1403 (1)1367 to 1413 (1)1368 to 1437 (1)1371 to 1433 (1)1389 to 1464 (1)1392 to 1448 (1)1394 to 1460 (1)1397 to 1450 (1)1398 to 1468 (1)1402 to 1472 (1)1404 to 1453 (1)1422 to 1482 (1)1431 to 1476 (1)450 to 527 (1)476 to 550 (1)482 to 565 (1)520 to 574 (1)539 to 602 (1)547 to 610 (1)566 to 635 (1)570 to 632 (1)575 to 641 (1)585 to 642 (1)630 to 668 (1)668 to 711 (1)685 to 741 (1)701 to 762 (1)718 to 775 (1)748 to 814 (1)778 to 840 (1)780 to 850 (1)795 to 855 (1)796 to 842 (1)811 to 886 (1)823 to 877 (1)825 to 875 (1)839 to 888 (1)845 to 924 (1)849 to 899 (1)850 to 899 (1)864 to 925 (1)866 to 912 (1)875 to 924 (1)880 to 898 (1)880 to 928 (1)905 to 959 (1)912 to 969 (1)912 to 973 (1)920 to 946 (1)923 to 955 (1)925 to 976 (1)927 to 976 (1)940 to 1025 (1)940 to 959 (1)955 to 983 (1)958 to 1025 (1)960 to 1028 (1)962 to 978 (1)968 to 1034 (1)970 to 1018 (1)972 to 1051 (1)973 to 1014 (1)973 to 1024 (1)978 to 1050 (1)980 to 1002 (1)980 to 1037 (1)980 to 1056 (1)990 to 1039 (1)995 to 1035 (1)BirthplaceAllAbbach (1)Angkor, Khmer Empire (1)Antioch (1)Arabissus in Cappadocia (1)Athens, Byzantine Empire (1)Atsuta, Owari Province, Japan (1)Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate (1)Balkh, in present-day Afghanistan (1)Beaumont Palace, Oxford, England (2)Bederiana, near Naissus (modern Nis, Serbia) (1)Caernarfon, Caernarfonshire, Wales (1)Cappadocia (2)Cassinogilum, Francia (1)Castello di Petroia, Gubbio, Papal States (1)Chariopolis, theme of Macedonia, Byzantine Empire (1)Chennevières-les-Louvres, near Saint-Denis, northern France (1)Cividale (Cividale del Friuli), Middle Francia (1)Constantinople (10)Constantinople, Byzantine Empire (4)Cordoba (1)Dasht-i Kipchak, the Qipchaq steppe north of the Black Sea (1)Didymoteicho (1)Didymoteicho, Byzantine Empire (1)Empire of Nicaea (1)Florence (2)Frankfurt, Francia (1)Germanikeia (modern Kahramanmaraş, Turkey) (1)Goslar (2)Hao Prefecture, Henan Jiangbei (1)Heian-kyo (present-day Kyoto), Japan (1)Jesi, near Ancona, Italy (1)Khwarazm (1)Klever Reichswald near Kessel, Kingdom of Germany (1)Kunyang, Kunming, Yunnan (1)Le Mans, County of Maine (1)Luoyang (Later Tang dynasty) (1)Lutterloh, Duchy of Saxony (1)Munich (1)Neudingen (Donaueschingen), Carolingian Empire (1)Nicaea (2)Nimwegen (1)Not recorded by any surviving primary source (1)Nuremberg or Prague (1)Ottoman Beylik (1)Possibly Wallhausen, East Francia (1)Prague (1)Provence (1)Purple Chamber, Great Palace of Constantinople (1)Ray (near modern Rey, Iran) (1)Ringerike, Norway (1)Roha (later renamed Lalibela), Lasta, Ethiopia (1)San Rufino (1)Shiraz, Persia (present-day Iran) (1)Speyer (1)Sriperumbudur, Chola Empire (present-day Tamil Nadu, India) (1)Söğüt (1)Tangier, Morocco (1)Thrace or Cappadocia (1)Valenciennes (1)Varanasi (1)Westminster, Middlesex, England (1)Windsor, Berkshire, England (1)RuledAllAyyubid Sultanate (1)Carolingian Empire (3)Duchy of Aquitaine (1)Ilkhanate (1)Principality of Wallachia (1)Rashidun Caliphate (2)The Angevin Empire (3)The Byzantine Empire (50)The Holy Roman Empire (3)The Kingdom of England (5)The Kingdom of France (3)The Mongol Empire (2)The Ottoman Empire (2)The Song Dynasty (1)The Tang Dynasty (1)Timurid Empire (1)Zhou dynasty (interregnum) (1)GenderAllFemale (31)Male (227)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 258AbaojiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAbbot SugerThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAbu BakrThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAdi ShankaraThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodÆthelred the UnreadyThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodÆthelstanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAlexios I KomnenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAlexios II KomnenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAlexios III AngelosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAlexios IV AngelosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAlfred the GreatThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAl-KhwarizmiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAl-Mu'tasimThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAndronikos I KomnenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAndronikos II PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAndronikos III PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodArnulf of CarinthiaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodAryabhataThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBaibarsThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBasil IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBasil IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBayezid IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBerengar I of ItalyThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBi ShengThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodBörteThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCharlemagneThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCharles IV, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCharles the BaldThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCharles the FatThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCharles V of FranceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCnut the GreatThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConrad II, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstans IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine IX MonomachosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine LaskarisThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine VThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine VII PorphyrogenitusThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine VIIIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine X DoukasThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodConstantine XI PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodCosimo de' MediciThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodDante AlighieriThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEadredThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEadwigThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdgar the PeacefulThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdmund IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdmund IronsideThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward BalliolThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward I of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward II of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward III of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward the ConfessorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward the ElderThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEdward the MartyrThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEl CidThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEleanor of AquitaineThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Daizong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Dezong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Gaozong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Gaozu of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Huizong of SongThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Muzong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Ruizong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Shunzong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Suzong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Taizong of SongThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Taizu of SongThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Wen of SuiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Xianzong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Xuanzong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmperor Zhongzong of TangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmpress GenmeiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmpress GenshoThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmpress JitoThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmpress KokenThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodEmpress SuikoThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFederico da MontefeltroThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFerdowsiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFrederick BarbarossaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFrederick II, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodGajah MadaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodGenghis KhanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodGuo WeiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodGuy III of SpoletoThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHafezThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHarald HardradaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHarold GodwinsonThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHarold HarefootThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHarthacnutThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry I of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry II of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry II, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry III of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry III, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry IV of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry IV, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry the NavigatorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry V of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry V, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry VI of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry VI, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHenry VII, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHeracliusThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHongwu EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHugh CapetThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodHulagu KhanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIbn BattutaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIbn KhaldunThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIbn RushdThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIbn SinaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIrene of AthensThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIsaac I KomnenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIsaac II AngelosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIsabella of FranceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodIx Yohl Ik'nalThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJadwiga of PolandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJayavarman VIIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJindeok of SillaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJoan of ArcThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohannes GutenbergThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn BalliolThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn I TzimiskesThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn II KomnenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn II of FranceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn III Doukas VatatzesThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn IV LaskarisThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn V PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn VI KantakouzenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJohn VIII PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJustin IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJustin IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJustinian IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodJustinian IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodKabirThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodKhalid ibn al-WalidThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodKing John of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodKublai KhanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLady K'abelThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLady Six SkyThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLalibelaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLambert of ItalyThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLeif EriksonThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLeo III the IsaurianThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLeo VI the WiseThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLi BaiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLi CunxuThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLiu ZhiyuanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLothair IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLothair III, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLouis II of ItalyThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLouis IV, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLouis the BlindThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLouis the PiousThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLouis V of FranceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodLouis VII of FranceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMansa MusaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodManuel I KomnenosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodManuel II PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMarco PoloThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMargaret I of DenmarkThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMaurice (Byzantine emperor)The Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMehmed IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMelisende of JerusalemThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMichael IV the PaphlagonianThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMichael V KalaphatesThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMichael VI BringasThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMichael VII DoukasThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMichael VIII PalaiologosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMinamoto no YoritomoThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMongke KhanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMuhammadThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMuhammad ibn Zakariya al-RaziThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMuharish ibn al-MujalliThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMurad IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMurad IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodMurasaki ShikibuThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodNezahualcoyotlThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodNicholas KanabosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodNikephoros II PhokasThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodNikephoros III BotaneiatesThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOgedei KhanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOrhanThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOsman IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOtto II, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOtto III, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOtto IV, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodOtto the GreatThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPhilip IV of FranceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPhocasThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Adeodatus IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Agapetus IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Anastasius IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Benedict IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Boniface IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Boniface IIIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Boniface IVThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Felix IIIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Felix IVThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Gelasius IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Gregory IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope HormisdasThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope John IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope John IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope John IIIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Pelagius IThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Pelagius IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope SabinianThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope SilveriusThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope SymmachusThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope Urban IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodPope VigiliusThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRam KhamhaengThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRamanujaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRani Padmini of ChittorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRazia SultanaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRichard I of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRichard II of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRobert the BruceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRoger Mortimer, 1st Earl of MarchThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRomanos III ArgyrosThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRomanos IV DiogenesThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodRumiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSaladinThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSejong the GreatThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSeondeok of SillaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodShajar al-DurrThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodShi JingtangThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSigismund, Holy Roman EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSitt al-MulkThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSorghaghtani BekiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodStephen, King of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSubutaiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSuhitaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSulayman of MaliThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSundiata KeitaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSuryavarman IIThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodSweyn ForkbeardThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodTheodora PorphyrogenitaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodTheodore I LaskarisThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodTheodore II LaskarisThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodTimurThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodToregene KhatunThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodTribhuwana WijayatunggadewiThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodUmarThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodUrraca of Leon and CastileThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodVlad the ImpalerThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWanyan AgudaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWat TylerThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWilliam II of EnglandThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWilliam Marshal, 1st Earl of PembrokeThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWilliam the ConquerorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWilliam WallaceThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodWu ZetianThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodYekuno AmlakThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodYongle EmperorThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodZheng HeThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodZhu WenThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodZoe PorphyrogenitaThe Post-Classical and Medieval PeriodFAQsWhat event does the year 476 mark at the start of the Post-Classical and Medieval Period?In September 476 the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus, was deposed by Odoacer.The year 476 is the conventional starting point because, in September of that year, the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus, was deposed by Odoacer, the leader of the mercenaries. The Cambridge Medieval History, a standard reference work for the period, describes this deposition in those terms. Historians use it as a convenient marker for the end of Roman rule in the West, while the Eastern Roman Empire continued, and the period is then conventionally closed by the fall of Constantinople in 1453.ConnectionsShowing the first 400 of 506 connections.IncludesAbaoji, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Abaoji (Wikipedia)Abbasid Revolution, Events Well-attested Source Abbasid Revolution, WikipediaAbbot Suger, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Sugertier 2Abu Bakr, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Abu Bakr (Wikipedia)tier 2Adal Sultanate, Polities Well-attested Source Adal Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2Adi Shankara, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Adi Shankara (Wikipedia)tier 2Æthelred the Unready, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Æthelred the Unready (Wikipedia)Æthelstan, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Æthelstan (Wikipedia)Ahom Kingdom, Polities Well-attested Source Ahom Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2Ajuran Sultanate, Polities Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Ajuran SultanateAlexios I Komnenos, Historical Figures Well-attested Alexios II Komnenos, Historical Figures Well-attested Alexios III Angelos, Historical Figures Well-attested Alexios IV Angelos, Historical Figures Well-attested Alfred the Great, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Alfred the Greattier 2Al-Khwarizmi, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Al-Khwarizmitier 2Al-Mu'tasim, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Al-Mu'tasim (Wikipedia)Andronikos I Komnenos, Historical Figures Well-attested Andronikos II Palaiologos, Historical Figures Well-attested Andronikos III Palaiologos, Historical Figures Well-attested Aq Qoyunlu, Polities Well-attested Source Aq Qoyunlu (Wikipedia)tier 2Arnulf of Carinthia, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Arnulf of Carinthiatier 2Aryabhata, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Aryabhatatier 2Aslak Bolt's cadastre, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Aslak Bolt's cadastreAyutthaya Kingdom, Polities Well-attested Source Ayutthaya Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2Ayyubid Sultanate, Polities Well-attested Source Ayyubid Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2Baibars, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Baybars (Wikipedia)Bardi Banking House, Organizations Well-attested Built by the Bardi family into a major Florentine banking house across the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, within the Post-Classical and Medieval Period (476 to 1453).Basil I, Historical Figures Well-attested Basil II, Historical Figures Well-attested Battle of Poitiers, Events Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Battle of Poitiers (1356)tier 2Battle of Yarmouk, Events Well-attested Source Battle of the Yarmuk (Wikipedia)Bayezid I, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Bayezid Itier 2Berengar I of Italy, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Berengar I of Italytier 2Bi Sheng, Historical Figures Well-attested Börte, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: BörteByzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, Events Well-attested Source Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, WikipediaCaliphate of Cordoba, Polities Well-attested Source Umayyad state of Córdoba (Wikipedia)Carolingian Empire, Polities Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Carolingian Empiretier 2Chagatai Khanate, Polities Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Chagatai KhanateChampa, Polities Well-attested Source Champa (Wikipedia)tier 2Charlemagne, Historical Figures Well-attested Source The Cambridge Medieval HistoryCharles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Charles IV, Holy Roman EmperorCharles the Bald, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Charles the Baldtier 2Charles the Fat, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Charles the Fattier 2Charles V of France, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Charles V of Francetier 2Chola Dynasty, Polities Well-attested Source Chola dynasty, WikipediaChutiya Kingdom, Polities Well-attested Source Chutiya Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2Cnut the Great, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Cnut the Greattier 2Company of Merchant Adventurers, Organizations Well-attested An association of English cloth merchants that had emerged by the fourteenth century, within the Post-Classical and Medieval Period (476 to 1453).Showing 1 to 50 of 398 in Includes, page 1 of 8.123…8Next →In the Other AtlasesEra Of Origin ForAndalusian HorseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Andalusian horse (Wikipedia)LeadQuote, LeadThe Andalusian has been recognized as a distinct breed since the 15th centuryBagot GoatAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Bagot Goats - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyThe goats, so the story goes, went to Blithfield around 1380.CarrotAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Charolais CattleAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Charolais Cattle - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyLegend has it that white cattle were first noticed in the region as early as 878 A.D., and by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were well and favorably known in French markets, especially at Lyon and Villefranche.Cheviot SheepAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Cheviot Sheep - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyRecognized as a hardy sheep as early as 1372, Cheviots did well in those bleak, windswept conditions, with their strong constitution, easy lambing, well developed mothering instinct, and fast maturity.CoffeeAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Friesian HorseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Friesian horse (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryThese ancestors of the modern Friesians were used in medieval times to carry knights to battle.Hamburg ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Hamburg Chickens - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyThey have been known to exist since the fourteenth century.Icelandic HorseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Icelandic SheepAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Indian Runner DuckAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Indian Runner duck (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryThey appear to be represented in stone sculptures in Java from c. 1000 AD.Japanese QuailAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Marwari HorseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.MerinoAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Polish ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Polish chicken (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryCrested chickens are seen in paintings from the 15th centuryRomney SheepAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Romney sheep (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryThe breed evolved from medieval longwool types of which the Romney and Leicester breeds are early examples.SilkieAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Turopolje PigAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Turopolje Swine - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyThe first documentary evidence of the Turopolje breed is the decree of the Croatian-Hungarian king Ljudevit sent to Zagreb in 1352 demanding an investigation into the plunder of pigs which Gregory, an official of the local ruler, had committed in the woodlands of Turopolje.Valais BlacknoseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Valais Blacknose Sheep - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyThey were first mentioned around the year 1400, but they were not recognized as a breed until 1962.Welsh PonyAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.ButtressAlso in Architecture and Design Atlas: originating in this era.Flying ButtressAlso in Architecture and Design Atlas: originating in this era.Rib VaultAlso in Architecture and Design Atlas: originating in this era.Bearded AxeAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.Glass CutterAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.LucetAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.Source Lucet (Wikipedia)Lead sectiontier 2Quote, Lead sectionbelieved to date back to the Viking and Medieval periodsPickaxeAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.PincushionAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.Rebate PlaneAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.Source Rebate plane (Wikipedia)Lead sectionQuote, Lead sectionIt was in use in England at least as early as the 11th century.SeaxAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.Spinning WheelAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.TenterhookAlso in Home, Crafts and Hobbies Atlas: originating in this era.Source Tenterhook (Wikipedia)Lead sectiontier 2Quote, Lead sectionused since at least the 14th century in the process of making woolen clothFound InAsiaAlso in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.East AsiaAlso in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.EuropeAlso in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.South AsiaAlso in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.Sources1. The Cambridge Medieval HistoryCambridge University PressVols. I-VIIIEncyclopaedia BritannicaEncyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Middle AgesView the SourceMedici Family and Bank (Encyclopaedia Britannica)tier 1Encyclopaedia Britannica Editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Includes: Medici BankMagna Carta (Encyclopaedia Britannica)Includes: Magna CartaHanseatic League (World History Encyclopedia)World History EncyclopediaIncludes: Hanseatic LeagueView the SourceFirst Barons' War (Britannica)Includes: The First Barons' WarJohn, King of England (Britannica)Includes: King John of EnglandWikipediatier 2WikipediaIncludes: The High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, in relation to the medieval periodthe period of European history between c. 1000 and c. 1300.Related To: Late Antiquity, Late antiquity, Chronological range, vs Post-Classical PeriodLate antiquity is a period of Eurasian, Mediterranean, and Near Eastern history conventionally placed between the third and seventh centuries CE.Related To: The Migration Period, Migration Period, relation to the medieval periodThe Migration Period (c. 300 to 600 AD).View the SourceWikipedia: Rani Padmini of Chittortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Rani Padmini of Chittor, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Rani Padmini of Chittor, Lead paragraphwas a 13th-14th century queen of the Kingdom of Mewar in IndiaView the SourceReconquista - WikipediaIncludes: Reconquista, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Reconquista, Lead paragraphbefore the Muslim Conquest of 711View the SourceWikipedia: Ajuran SultanateIncludes: Ajuran Sultanate, Article textQuote, Includes: Ajuran Sultanate, Article textits rise to prominence began during the 13th and 14th centuriesView the SourceWikipedia: Pate IslandIncludes: Sultanate of Pate, Article textQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Pate, Article texturban trading society around the 10th centuryView the SourceWikipedia: MombasaIncludes: Sultanate of Mombasa, Article textQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Mombasa, Article textKenyan school history books place the founding of Mombasa as 900 ADView the SourceMayapan (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mayapan, Article textQuote, Includes: Mayapan, Article textsome sources say that the Maya revolted in 1221 against the Maya-Toltec lords of Chichen ItzaView the SourceWikipedia: Middle Agestier 2WikipediaIn Group: Eras Beginning from 450 to 750 CE, LeadQuote, In Group: Eras Beginning from 450 to 750 CE, LeadIn the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to late 15th centuriesView the SourceTenochtitlan (Wikipedia)Includes: Founding of Tenochtitlan, LeadQuote, Includes: Founding of Tenochtitlan, Leadthe date 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversaryView the SourceKingdom of Gobir (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Gobir, LeadQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Gobir, LeadFounded by the Hausa in the 12th centuryView the SourceKingdom of Zimbabwe (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Zimbabwe, LeadQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Zimbabwe, LeadAround 1300, Great Zimbabwe replaced Mapungubwe as the most important trading centre in the interiorView the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of NriIncludes: Kingdom of Nri, LeadQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Nri, Leadwas a medieval polity located in what is now NigeriaView the SourceQueen Seondeok (Wikipedia)Includes: Seondeok of Silla, LeadQuote, Includes: Seondeok of Silla, Leadreigned as Queen Regnant of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647View the SourceWikipedia: Liber CensuumIncludes: Liber Censuum, LeadQuote, Includes: Liber Censuum, Leadfinancial record of the real estate revenues of the papacy from 492 to 1192View the SourceWikipedia: Letters of Abelard and HeloiseIncludes: Letters of Abelard and Heloise, LeadQuote, Includes: Letters of Abelard and Heloise, Leadapparently written in Latin during the 12th centuryView the SourceWikipedia: Johannes Gutenbergtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Johannes Gutenberg, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Johannes Gutenberg, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1393-1406; died 1468 (aged 61-75)View the SourceWikipedia: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroketier 2WikipediaIncludes: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 - 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: Williame li Mareschal, French: Guillaume le Maréchal), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman during High Medieval England who served five English kings-Henry II and his son and co-ruler Young Henry, Richard I, John, and Henry III-as a royal adviser and agent, and as a warrior of outstanding prowess.View the SourceWikipedia: William Wallacetier 2WikipediaIncludes: William Wallace, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William Wallace, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. lk=no|1270; died 23 August 1305 (aged about 35)View the SourceWikipedia: Robert the Brucetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Robert the Bruce, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Robert the Bruce, lead paragraph, lifespanRobert I (11 July 1274 - 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart am Brusach), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329.View the SourceWikipedia: Charles V of Francetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Charles V of France, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Charles V of France, lead paragraph, lifespanCharles V (21 January 1338 - 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: le Sage; Latin: Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380.View the SourceWikipedia: John Ballioltier 2WikipediaIncludes: John Balliol, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: John Balliol, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1249; died late 1314 (aged around 65)View the SourceWikipedia: Isabella of Francetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Isabella of France, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Isabella of France, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1295; died 22 August 1358 (aged 62-63)View the SourceWikipedia: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of Marchtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, lead paragraph, lifespanRoger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer of Wigmore, 1st Earl of March (25 April 1287 - 29 November 1330), was an English nobleman and powerful marcher lord who gained many estates in the Welsh Marches and Ireland following his advantageous marriage to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville.View the SourceWikipedia: Edward Ballioltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Edward Balliol, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edward Balliol, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1283; died January 1364 (aged around 81)View the SourceWikipedia: Hugh Capettier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hugh Capet, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Hugh Capet, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 941; died 24 October 996 (aged c. 55)View the SourceWikipedia: Eleanor of Aquitainetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Eleanor of Aquitaine, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Eleanor of Aquitaine, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1124; died 1 April 1204 (aged 79-80)View the SourceWikipedia: Pope Urban IItier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Urban II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Urban II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1035; died 29 July 1099 (aged 63-64)View the SourceHulegu Khan (Wikipedia)Includes: Hulagu Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Hulagu Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 1217; died 1265-02-08View the SourceWikipedia: Sundiata Keitatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sundiata Keita, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sundiata Keita, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1217; died c. 1255 (aged c. 37-38)View the SourceWikipedia: William the Conquerortier 2WikipediaIncludes: William the Conqueror, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William the Conqueror, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1028|(aged about 59)View the SourceWikipedia: Louis V of Francetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Louis V of France, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Louis V of France, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 966/967; died 22 May 987 (aged 20-21)View the SourceWikipedia: John II of Francetier 2WikipediaIncludes: John II of France, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: John II of France, lead paragraph, lifespanJohn II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 - 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death in 1364.View the SourceWikipedia: Philip IV of Francetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Philip IV of France, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Philip IV of France, lead paragraph, lifespanPhilip IV (April-June 1268 - 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (French: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314.View the SourceWikipedia: Louis VII of Francetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Louis VII of France, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Louis VII of France, lead paragraph, lifespanLouis VII (1120 - 18 September 1180), was King of France from 1137 to 1180.View the SourceWikipedia: Harold Godwinsontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Harold Godwinson, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Harold Godwinson, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1022/23; died 14 October 1066View the SourceJoan of Arc (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Joan of Arc, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Joan of Arc, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1412; died 30 May 1431 (aged Approx.|19)View the SourceVlad the Impaler (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Vlad the Impaler, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Vlad the Impaler, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born between 1428 and 1431; died December 1476 or January 1477 (aged 44-49)View the SourceSaladin (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Saladin, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Saladin, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1137; died 4 March Death year and age|1193|1137View the SourceTimur (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Timur, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Timur, lead paragraph, lifespanTimur (1320s - 17/18 February 1405), also known as Tamerlane, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror, first ruler of the Timurid dynasty, and the founder of the Timurid Empire, which ruled over modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.View the SourceMarco Polo (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Marco Polo, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Marco Polo, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c.|1254; died 8 January 1324 (aged 69-70)View the SourceKublai Khan (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Kublai Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Kublai Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanKublai Khan (23 September 1215 - 18 February 1294), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China.View the SourceUmar (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Umar, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Umar, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 584; died c. 6 November 644 (c. 26 Dhu'l-Hijja 23 AH) (aged 60-61)View the SourceWu Zetian (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Wu Zetian, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Wu Zetian, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 624-2-17; died 705-12-16View the SourceAbu Bakr (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Abu Bakr, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abu Bakr, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 573; died 634-8-23View the SourceFrederick Barbarossa (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Frederick Barbarossa, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Frederick Barbarossa, lead paragraph, lifespanFrederick Barbarossa (December 1122 - 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death in 1190.View the SourceEl Cid (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: El Cid, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: El Cid, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1043; died 1099-7-10View the SourceIbn Khaldun (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ibn Khaldun, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ibn Khaldun, lead paragraph, lifespanIbn Khaldūn (27 May 1332 - 17 March 1406, 732-808 AH) was an Arab Tunisian scholar, historian, philosopher, and sociologist.View the SourceRumi (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Rumi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Rumi, lead paragraph, lifespanJalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (30 September 1207 - 17 December 1273), commonly known as Rumi, was a Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Islamic brotherhood known as the Mevlevi Order.View the SourceWat Tyler (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Wat Tyler, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Wat Tyler, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 4 January 1341 or c. 1320; died 15 June 1381 (aged 40 or 61)View the SourceIbn Battuta (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Ibn Battuta, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ibn Battuta, lead paragraph, lifespanIbn Battuta (; 24 February 1304 - 1368/1369) was a Maghrebi Muslim traveller, explorer, and scholar from Tangier, Morocco.View the SourceAdi Shankara (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Adi Shankara, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Adi Shankara, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 700 CE; died c. 750 CEView the SourceWikipedia: Al-Khwarizmitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Al-Khwarizmi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Al-Khwarizmi, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 780; died c. 850View the SourceWikipedia: Zheng Hetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Zheng He, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Zheng He, lead paragraph, lifespanZheng He (Wade-Giles: Chêng Ho; 1371-1433/1435) was a Chinese admiral and diplomat from the early Ming dynasty.View the SourceWikipedia: Kabirtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kabir, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Kabir, lead paragraph, lifespanSome historians favour 1398-1448 as the period Kabir lived, while others favour 1440-1518.View the SourceWikipedia: Ferdowsitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ferdowsi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ferdowsi, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 940; died death year and age|1025|940View the SourceWikipedia: Sulayman of Malitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sulayman of Mali, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sulayman of Mali, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born ; died c. 1359View the SourceWikipedia: Ibn Rushd (Averroes)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ibn Rushd, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ibn Rushd, lead paragraph, lifespanIbn Rushd (14 April 1126 - 11 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence, law, and linguistics.View the SourceAbu Bakr al-Razi (Wikipedia)Includes: Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 864 or 865 CE 250 or 251 AH; died death year and age|925|864 CE or death year and age|935|864 CE 313 or 323 AHView the SourceWikipedia: Sejong the Greattier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sejong the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sejong the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanSejong (Korean: 세종; Hanja: 世宗; May 15, 1397 - April 8, 1450), commonly known as Sejong the Great (세종대왕; 世宗大王), was the fourth monarch of the Koreanic state Joseon.View the SourceWikipedia: Hongwu Emperortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hongwu Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Hongwu Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 21 October 1328efn-lr |21 October 1328 is the Julian calendar equivalent of t; died 1398-6-24View the SourceWikipedia: Ibn Sina (Avicenna)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ibn Sina, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ibn Sina, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 980; died 1037-6-22View the SourceWikipedia: Suryavarman IItier 2WikipediaIncludes: Suryavarman II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Suryavarman II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born CE (1094 or 1098); died 1150 CEView the SourceWikipedia: Aryabhatatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Aryabhata, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Aryabhata, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 476 CE; died 550 CE (aged 73-74)View the SourceWikipedia: Harald Hardradatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Harald Hardrada, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Harald Hardrada, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1015; died 1066-9-25View the SourceWikipedia: Osman Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Osman I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Osman I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Unknown, possibly c. 1254/5; died 1323/4 (age 68-70)View the SourceMinamoto no Yoritomo (Wikipedia)Includes: Minamoto no Yoritomo, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Minamoto no Yoritomo, lead paragraph, lifespanMinamoto no Yoritomo (源 頼朝; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.na.mo.to no (|) jo.ɾʲi.to.mo], May 9, 1147 - February 9, 1199) was a samurai, daimyo and the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate, ruling from 1192 until 1199, also the first shogun in the history of Japan to hold de-facto power over Japan.View the SourceWikipedia: Gebre Meskel Lalibelatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Lalibela, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lalibela, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1162; died 1221View the SourceWikipedia: Yekuno Amlaktier 2WikipediaIncludes: Yekuno Amlak, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Yekuno Amlak, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1250s; died 19 June 1285View the SourceAl-Mu'tasim (Wikipedia)Includes: Al-Mu'tasim, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Al-Mu'tasim, lead paragraph, lifespanAbū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (Arabic: أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد; October 796 - 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaṣim biʾllāh (المعتصم بالله, lit. 'He who seeks refuge in God'), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842.View the SourceWikipedia: Gajah Madatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Gajah Mada, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Gajah Mada, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1290; died c. 1364 (aged 74)View the SourceJayavarman VII (Wikipedia)Includes: Jayavarman VII, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Jayavarman VII, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1122/1125; died 1218 (aged c. 95)View the SourceWikipedia: Cnut the Greattier 2WikipediaIncludes: Cnut the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Cnut the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 995; died 12 November 1035 (aged around 40)View the SourceBaybars (Wikipedia)Includes: Baibars, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Baibars, lead paragraph, lifespanAl-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Arabic: الْمَلِك الظَّاهِر رُكْن الدِّين بَيْبَرْس الْبُنْدُقْدَارِيّ; 1223/1228 - 30 June 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars (بَيْبَرْس) and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أَبُو الْفُتُوح, lit. 'Father of Conquests'), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, ruling from 1260 to 1277.View the SourceWikipedia: Nezahualcoyotltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Nezahualcoyotl, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Nezahualcoyotl, lead paragraph, lifespanNezahualcoyotl Acolmiztli (Classical Nahuatl: Nezahualcoyōtl [nesawalˈkojoːtɬ], ), "Fasting Coyote" (April 28, 1402 - 1472) was tlatoani (king) of the Acolhua altepetl (city-state) of Texcoco from 1431 to his death in 1472, in pre-Columbian Mexico.View the SourceWikipedia: Ram Khamhaengtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ram Khamhaeng, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ram Khamhaeng, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1237 or 1247; died 1298 (aged 51-61)View the SourceWikipedia: Dante Alighieritier 2WikipediaIncludes: Dante Alighieri, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Dante Alighieri, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. May 1265|; died 1321-09-14View the SourceWikipedia: Li Baitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Li Bai, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Li Bai, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 701; died death year and age|762|701View the SourceWikipedia: Ramanujatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ramanuja, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ramanuja, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1077; died 1157-10-77View the SourceWikipedia: Hafeztier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hafez, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Hafez, lead paragraph, lifespanKhajeh Shams-od-Din Mohammad Hafez Shirazi (1325-1390), also known by his pen name Hafez, was a Persian lyric poet whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as one of the highest pinnacles of Persian literature.View the SourceKhalid ibn al-Walid (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Khalid ibn al-Walid, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Khalid ibn al-Walid, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born ; died circa 642 CEView the SourceSubutai (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Subutai, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Subutai, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1175; died death year and age|1248|1175View the SourceWikipedia: Sugertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Abbot Suger, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abbot Suger, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1081, likely in Chennevières-lès-Louvres; died 13 January 1151 (aged ~70)View the SourceWikipedia: Cosimo de' Medicitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Cosimo de' Medici, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Cosimo de' Medici, lead paragraph, lifespanCosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (27 September 1389 - 1 August 1464) was an Italian banker and politician who became the de facto ruler of Florence during the Italian Renaissance, and was the first to establish the Medici family as its effective leaders for generations.View the SourceWikipedia: Leif Eriksontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Leif Erikson, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Leif Erikson, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 970; died c. 1018-c. 1025View the SourceWikipedia: Prince Henry the Navigatortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry the Navigator, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry the Navigator, lead paragraph, lifespanPrince Henry the Navigator (4 March 1394 - 13 December 1460), was a Portuguese prince, a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and often credited as one of the main initiators of the Age of Discovery.View the SourceFederico da Montefeltro (Wikipedia)Includes: Federico da Montefeltro, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Federico da Montefeltro, lead paragraph, lifespanFederico da Montefeltro, also known as Federico III da Montefeltro (7 June 1422 - 10 September 1482), was one of the most successful mercenary captains (condottieri) of the Italian Renaissance.View the SourceMuharish ibn al-Mujalli - WikipediaIncludes: Muharish ibn al-Mujalli, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Muharish ibn al-Mujalli, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Around 1028; died September-November 1105View the SourceFrederick II, Holy Roman Emperor - WikipediaIncludes: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanFrederick II (Italian: Federico, Sicilian: Fidiricu, German: Friedrich, Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220, and King of Jerusalem from 1225 to 1228.View the SourceSigismund, Holy Roman Emperor - WikipediaIncludes: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanSigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 - 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437.View the SourceWikipedia: Charles IV, Holy Roman EmperorIncludes: Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanCharles IV (German: Karl IV.; Czech: Karel IV.; Latin: Carolus IV; also known as Charles of Luxembourg German: Karl von Luxemburg; Czech: Karel Lucemburský; Latin: Carolus Luxemburgensis; Luxembourgish: Karel vu Lëtzebuerg; born Wenceslaus German: Wenzel; Czech: Václav; 14 May 1316 - 29 November 1378) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.View the SourceWikipedia: Louis the Pioustier 2WikipediaIncludes: Louis the Pious, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Louis the Pious, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 778; died 840-6-20View the SourceWikipedia: Charles the Baldtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Charles the Bald, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Charles the Bald, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 823-6-13; died 877-10-6View the SourceWikipedia: Charles the Fattier 2WikipediaIncludes: Charles the Fat, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Charles the Fat, lead paragraph, lifespanCharles the Fat (839 - 13 January 888) was the emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 881 to 887.View the SourceHenry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry IV (German: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 - 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor (1084-1105), King of Germany (1054-1105), and King of Italy and Burgundy (1056-1105).View the SourceConrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 990; died 4 June 1039 (aged 48 or 49)View the SourceWikipedia: Lothair Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Lothair I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lothair I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 795; died 29 September Death year and age|855|795View the SourceHenry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry VI (German: Heinrich VI.; November 1165 - 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death.View the SourceHenry II, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry II (German: Heinrich II.; Italian: Enrico II; Latin: Henricus; 6 May 973 - 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl.View the SourceLouis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanLouis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 - 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian (Ludwig der Bayer, Latin: Ludovicus Bavarus), was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.View the SourceHenry V, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry V (German: Heinrich V.; probably 11 August 1081 or 1086 - 23 May 1125) was King of Germany (from 1099 to 1125) and Holy Roman Emperor (from 1111 to 1125), as the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty.View the SourceHenry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, WikipediaIncludes: Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry VII (1275 or 1278/79 - 24 August 1313) was the King of Germany from 1308 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1312.View the SourceWikipedia: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanOtto III (June/July 980 - 23 January 1002) was the Holy Roman emperor and King of Italy from 996 until his death in 1002.View the SourceWikipedia: Otto II, Holy Roman Emperortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanOtto II (955 - 7 December 983), called the Red (German: der Rote), was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983.View the SourceHenry III, Holy Roman Emperor (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry III (German: Heinrich III, 28 October 1016 - 5 October 1056), called Heinrich the Pious, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1046 until his death in 1056.View the SourceWikipedia: Louis II of Italytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Louis II of Italy, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Louis II of Italy, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 825; died 12 August Death year and age|875|825View the SourceWikipedia: Arnulf of Carinthiatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Arnulf of Carinthia, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Arnulf of Carinthia, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c.|850; died 899-12-8View the SourceWikipedia: Berengar I of Italytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Berengar I of Italy, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Berengar I of Italy, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 845; died 7 April death year and age|924|845View the SourceWikipedia: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanOtto IV (1175 - 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.View the SourceWikipedia: Louis the Blindtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Louis the Blind, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Louis the Blind, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 880; died 5 June 928 (aged c. 47/48)View the SourceWikipedia: Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperortier 2WikipediaIncludes: Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. June 1075; died 4View the SourceWikipedia: Lambert of Italytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Lambert of Italy, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lambert of Italy, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 880; died 15 October 898 (aged c. 17/18)View the SourceWikipedia: Guy III of Spoletotier 2WikipediaIncludes: Guy III of Spoleto, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Guy III of Spoleto, lead paragraph, lifespanGuy III of Spoleto (Italian: Guido, German: Wido, died 12 December 894) was King of Italy since 889, and Emperor since 891.View the SourceWikipedia: Orhantier 2WikipediaIncludes: Orhan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Orhan, lead paragraph, lifespanOrhan Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: اورخان غازی; Turkish: Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan; died March 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362.View the SourceWikipedia: Murad Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Murad I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Murad I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 29 June 1326; died 1389-6-15View the SourceWikipedia: Bayezid Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Bayezid I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Bayezid I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1360; died 1403-3-8View the SourceMehmed I (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mehmed I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mehmed I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 1386; died 1421-5-26View the SourceMurad II (Wikipedia)Includes: Murad II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Murad II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born June 1404; died 1451-2-3View the SourceHenry V of England (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry V of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry V of England, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry V (16 September 1386 - 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1413 until his death in 1422.View the SourceWikipedia: Alfred the Greattier 2WikipediaIncludes: Alfred the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Alfred the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 847-849; died 26 October 899 (aged c. 50-52)View the SourceHenry VI of England (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry VI of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry VI of England, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry VI (6 December 1421 - 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and claimant to the French throne from 1422 to 1453 under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes.View the SourceRichard II of England (Wikipedia)Includes: Richard II of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Richard II of England, lead paragraph, lifespanRichard II (6 January 1367 - c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399.View the SourceHenry IV of England (Wikipedia)Includes: Henry IV of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry IV of England, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. April 1367; died 20 March 1413 (aged 45)View the SourceHenry I of England (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry I of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry I of England, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1068; died 1 December 1135 (aged 66-67)View the SourceHenry III of England (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry III of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry III of England, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry III (1 October 1207 - 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272.View the SourceEdward the Confessor (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Edward the Confessor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edward the Confessor, lead paragraph, lifespanEdward the Confessor (1003/1005 - 5 January 1066) was King of the English from 1042 until his death in 1066.View the SourceÆthelstan (Wikipedia)Includes: Æthelstan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Æthelstan, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 894; died 27 October 939 (aged about 45)View the SourceEdward the Elder (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Edward the Elder, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edward the Elder, lead paragraph, lifespanEdward the Elder (870s? - 17 July 924) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 until his death in 924.View the SourceStephen, King of England (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Stephen, King of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Stephen, King of England, lead paragraph, lifespanStephen (1092 or 1096 - 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154.View the SourceÆthelred the Unready (Wikipedia)Includes: Æthelred the Unready, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Æthelred the Unready, lead paragraph, lifespanÆthelred II ( 968-23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from March 978 to December 1013 and again from February 1014 until his death.View the SourceWilliam II of England (Wikipedia)Includes: William II of England, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William II of England, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. lk=no|1057; died 2 August 1100 (aged approximately 43-44)View the SourceHarthacnut (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Harthacnut, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Harthacnut, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1018; died 8 June Death year and age|1042|1018View the SourceEdmund I (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Edmund I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edmund I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 920/921; died 26 May 946 (aged 24-26)View the SourceEdward the Martyr (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Edward the Martyr, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edward the Martyr, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 962; died 18 March 978 (aged about 16)View the SourceEdmund Ironside (Wikipedia)Includes: Edmund Ironside, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edmund Ironside, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 991; died 30 November 1016 (aged 24-25)View the SourceEadred (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Eadred, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Eadred, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 923; died 23 November 955 (aged c. 32)View the SourceEadwig (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Eadwig, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Eadwig, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 940/941; died 1 October 959 (aged c. 19)View the SourceHarold Harefoot (Wikipedia)Includes: Harold Harefoot, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Harold Harefoot, lead paragraph, lifespanHarold I (died 17 March 1040), commonly known as Harold Harefoot, was King of England from 1037 to 1040.View the SourceSwein Forkbeard (Wikipedia)Includes: Sweyn Forkbeard, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sweyn Forkbeard, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born ; died 3 February 1014View the SourceEdgar the Peaceful (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Edgar the Peaceful, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edgar the Peaceful, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 943/944; died 8 July 975 (aged 31/32)View the SourceEmperor Wen of Sui (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emperor Wen of Sui, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Wen of Sui, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Wen of Sui (隋文帝; 21 July 541 - 13 August 604), personal name Yang Jian (楊堅), childhood name Naluoyan (那羅延), Xianbei name Puliuru Jian (普六茹堅), was the founding emperor of the Sui dynasty of China.View the SourceOgedei Khan (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ogedei Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ogedei Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1186; died 11 December 1241 (aged 54-55)View the SourceMongke Khan (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mongke Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mongke Khan, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 11 January 1209; died 11 August 1259 (aged 50)View the SourceRazia Sultana (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Razia Sultana, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Razia Sultana, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 1205; died 1240-10-15View the SourceSorghaghtani Beki (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sorghaghtani Beki, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sorghaghtani Beki, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1199; died 1 March 1252 (aged around 53)View the SourceToregene Khatun (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Toregene Khatun, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Toregene Khatun, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born ; died 1246View the SourceShajar al-Durr (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Shajar al-Durr, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Shajar al-Durr, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 1220; died 1257-4-28View the SourceZhu Wen (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Zhu Wen, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Zhu Wen, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Taizu of Later Liang (後梁太祖), personal name Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠) (December 5, 852 - July 18, 912), né Zhu Wen (朱溫), name later changed to Zhu Huang (朱晃), nickname Zhu San (朱三, literally, "the third Zhu"), was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician.View the SourceLi Cunxu (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Li Cunxu, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Li Cunxu, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born December 2, 885; died May 15, 926View the SourceShi Jingtang (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Shi Jingtang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Shi Jingtang, lead paragraph, lifespanShi Jingtang (Chinese: 石敬瑭; 30 March 892 - 28 July 942), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin (後晉高祖), was the founding emperor of the Later Jin dynasty of China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 936 until his death.View the SourceLiu Zhiyuan (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Liu Zhiyuan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Liu Zhiyuan, lead paragraph, lifespanLiu Zhiyuan (Chinese: 劉知遠) (March 4, 895 - March 10, 948), later changed to Liu Gao (劉暠), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han (後漢高祖), was the founding emperor of the Shatuo-led Chinese Later Han dynasty, the fourth of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.View the SourceGuo Wei (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Guo Wei, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Guo Wei, lead paragraph, lifespanGuo Wei (Chinese: 郭威) (10 September 904 - 22 February 954), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou (後周太祖), was the founding emperor of the Chinese Later Zhou dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 951 until his death in 954.View the SourceAbaoji (Wikipedia)Includes: Abaoji, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abaoji, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 872; died 926-9-6View the SourceWanyan Aguda (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Wanyan Aguda, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Wanyan Aguda, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 - September 19, 1123), personal name Aguda, sinicised name Min (Chinese: 旻; pinyin: Mín), was the founder and first emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China.View the SourceEmpress Suiko (Wikipedia)Includes: Empress Suiko, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Empress Suiko, lead paragraph, lifespanEmpress Suiko (推古天皇, Suiko-tennō) (554 - 15 April 628) was the 33rd monarch of Japan, and the country's first and longest-reigning empress regnant, according to the traditional order of succession.View the SourceEmpress Jitō (Wikipedia)Includes: Empress Jito, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Empress Jito, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 645; died January 13, 703 (aged 57-58)View the SourceMelisende of Jerusalem (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Melisende of Jerusalem, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Melisende of Jerusalem, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 1109; died 11 September death year and age|1161|1109View the SourceUrraca of Leon and Castile (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Urraca of Leon and Castile, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Urraca of Leon and Castile, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1081; died 1126-3-08View the SourceJadwiga of Poland (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jadwiga of Poland, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Jadwiga of Poland, lead paragraph, lifespanJadwiga (Polish: [jadˈviɡa] ; 1373/1374 - 17 July 1399), also known as Hedwig (from German, Hungarian: Hedvig), was Queen of the Kingdom of Poland, as well as its last hereditary ruler.View the SourceMargaret I of Denmark (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Margaret I of Denmark, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Margaret I of Denmark, lead paragraph, lifespanMargaret I (Danish: Margrete Valdemarsdatter; March 1353 - 28 October 1412) was queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from the late 1380s until her death, and the founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms together for over a century.View the SourceSitt al-Mulk (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sitt al-Mulk, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sitt al-Mulk, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 970; died 5View the SourcePope Felix III (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Felix III, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Felix III, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Felix III (died 1 March 492) was the bishop of Rome from 13 March 483 to his death on 1 March 492.View the SourcePope Gelasius I (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Gelasius I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Gelasius I, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 492 to his death on 21 November 496.View the SourcePope Anastasius II (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Anastasius II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Anastasius II, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Anastasius II (died 19 November 498) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 496 to his death on 19 November 498.View the SourceEmperor Xuanzong of Tang (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Xuanzong of Tang ([ɕɥɛ̌n.tsʊ́ŋ]; 8 September 685 - 3 May 762), personal name Li Longji, was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756.View the SourceEmperor Taizong of Song (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emperor Taizong of Song, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Taizong of Song, lead paragraph, lifespanZhao Jiong (20 November 939 - 8 May 997), known as Zhao Guangyi from 960 to 977 and Zhao Kuangyi before 960, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Song, was the second emperor of the Song dynasty of China.View the SourceEmperor Huizong of Song (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emperor Huizong of Song, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Huizong of Song, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Huizong of Song (2 November 1082 - 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty of China.View the SourceYongle Emperor (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Yongle Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Yongle Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanThe Yongle Emperor (2 May 1360 - 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1402 to 1424.View the SourceJindeok of Silla (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jindeok of Silla, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Jindeok of Silla, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Unknown; died 654View the SourceLady K'abel (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Lady K'abel, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lady K'abel, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born ; died 702 or 711View the SourcePope Symmachus (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Symmachus, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Symmachus, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Symmachus (died 19 July 514) was the bishop of Rome from 22 November 498 to his death on 19 July 514.View the SourcePope Hormisdas (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Hormisdas, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Hormisdas, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 450; died 6 August 523 (aged 72snd73)View the SourcePope John I (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope John I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope John I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born ; died 18 May 526View the SourcePope Felix IV (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Felix IV, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Felix IV, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Felix IV (489/490 - 22 September 530) was the bishop of Rome from 12 July 526 to his death on 22 September 530.View the SourcePope Boniface II (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Boniface II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Boniface II, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Boniface II (Latin: Bonifatius II; died 17 October 532) was the first Germanic Bishop of Rome.View the SourcePope John II (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope John II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope John II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 475; died 8 May 535 (aged 59-60)View the SourcePope Agapetus I (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Agapetus I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Agapetus I, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Agapetus I (489/490 - 22 April 536) was the bishop of Rome from 13 May 535 to his death on 22 April 536.View the SourcePope Silverius (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Silverius, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Silverius, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Silverius (died 2 December 537) was bishop of Rome from 8 June 536 to his deposition in 537, a few months before his death.View the SourcePope Vigilius (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Vigilius, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Vigilius, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 497; died 7 June 555 (aged 57-58)View the SourceEmpress Genmei (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Empress Genmei, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Empress Genmei, lead paragraph, lifespanEmpress Genmei (元明天皇, Genmei-tennō; April 20, 660 - December 29, 721), also known as Empress Genmyō, was the 43rd monarch of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.View the SourceEmpress Gensho (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Empress Gensho, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Empress Gensho, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 680; died 748-5-22View the SourceEmpress Kōken (Wikipedia)Includes: Empress Koken, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Empress Koken, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 718; died 770-71-8View the SourceIx Yohl Ik'nal (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ix Yohl Ik'nal, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ix Yohl Ik'nal, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Before 583; died 7 November 604View the SourcePope Pelagius I (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pope Pelagius I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Pelagius I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 500; died 3 March 561View the SourcePope John III (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope John III, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope John III, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 520; died 13 July 574 (aged 53-54)View the SourcePope Benedict I (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Benedict I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Benedict I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 524 or 525?; died 30 July 579 (aged 53-56)View the SourcePope Pelagius II (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Pelagius II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Pelagius II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Before 553; died 7 February 590View the SourcePope Gregory I (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Gregory I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Gregory I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 540; died 12 March 604 (aged 63-64)View the SourcePope Sabinian (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Sabinian, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Sabinian, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 530; died 22 February 606 (aged 75-76)View the SourcePope Boniface III (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Boniface III, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Boniface III, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Boniface III (Latin: Bonifatius III) was the bishop of Rome from 19 February 607 to his death on 12 November of the same year.View the SourcePope Boniface IV (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Boniface IV, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Boniface IV, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 550; died 8 May 615 (aged 64-65)View the SourcePope Adeodatus I (Wikipedia)Includes: Pope Adeodatus I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pope Adeodatus I, lead paragraph, lifespanPope Adeodatus I (570 - 8 November 618), also called Deodatus I or Deusdedit, was the bishop of Rome from 19 October 615 to his death on 8 November 618.View the SourceEmperor Gaozong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Gaozong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Gaozong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Gaozong of Tang (21 July 628 - 27 December 683), personal name Li Zhi, was the third emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty, ruling from 649 to 683; after January 665, he handed power over the empire to his second wife Empress Wu (the future Wu Zetian), and her decrees were carried out with greater force than the decrees of Emperor Gaozong.View the SourceEmperor Zhongzong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Zhongzong of Tang (26 November 656 - 3 July 710), personal name Li Xian, and at other times Li Zhe or Wu Xian, was the fourth and seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling briefly in 684 and again from 705 to 710.View the SourceEmperor Ruizong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Ruizong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Ruizong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Ruizong of Tang (22 June 662 - 13 July 716), personal name Li Dan, also known at times during his life as Li Xulun, Li Lun, Wu Lun, and Wu Dan, was the fifth and ninth emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.View the SourceEmperor Suzong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Suzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Suzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born yihai day, 711; died 762-5-16View the SourceEmperor Daizong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Daizong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Daizong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Daizong of Tang (11 November 726 - 10 June 779), personal name Li Yu (name changed in 758 after being created crown prince), né Li Chu (Chinese: 李俶), was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.View the SourceEmperor Dezong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Dezong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Dezong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born May 27, 742; died 805-2-25View the SourceEmperor Shunzong of Tang (Wikipedia)Includes: Emperor Shunzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Shunzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Shunzong of Tang (February to March 761 - February 11, 806), personal name Li Song, was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.View the SourceEmperor Xianzong of Tang (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emperor Xianzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Xianzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 4 March to 1 April 778; died February 14, 820 (aged 41)View the SourceEmperor Muzong of Tang (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emperor Muzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Muzong of Tang, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Muzong of Tang (July 26, 795 - February 25, 824), personal name Li Heng, né Li You (李宥) (name changed 812), was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China.View the SourceTribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (Wikipedia)Includes: Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born before 1309; died ca. 1372-1375View the SourceSuhita (Wikipedia)Includes: Suhita, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Suhita, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born before 1406; died 1447View the SourceLady Six Sky (Wikipedia)Includes: Lady Six Sky, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lady Six Sky, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Date of birth unknown; died February 10 or 11, 741View the SourceWikipedia: Otto the GreatIncludes: Otto the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Otto the Great, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 912-11-23; died 973-5-7View the SourceWikipedia: BörteIncludes: Börte, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Börte, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1161; died death year and age|1230|1161View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Scotlandtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Scotland, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Scotland, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded andView the SourceWikipedia: Ilkhanatetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ilkhanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ilkhanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.View the SourceWikipedia: Duchy of Aquitainetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Duchy of Aquitaine, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Duchy of Aquitaine, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Duchy of Aquitaine (Occitan: Ducat d'Aquitània, IPA: [dyˈkad dakiˈtanjɔ]; French: Duché d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dyʃe dakitɛn]) was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the river Loire.View the SourceEthiopian Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ethiopian Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ethiopian Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a country that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea.View the SourceAyyubid Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ayyubid Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ayyubid Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ayyubid dynasty (Arabic: الأيوبيون, romanized: al-Ayyūbīyūn), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin that founded the medieval Sultanate of Egypt, which was established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate.View the SourcePrincipality of Wallachia (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Principality of Wallachia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Principality of Wallachia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesWallachia is a geographical region of modern-day Romania, as well as one of the two historical Romanian principalities that laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern Romanian state.View the SourceRashidun Caliphate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Rashidun Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Rashidun Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الرّاشدون, romanized: al-Khilāfat ar-Rāshidun) was the early Islamic polity led by the first four successive caliphs (lit. "successors"): Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, collectively known as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs.View the SourceTimurid Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Timurid Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Timurid Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Timurid Empire was a late medieval Turco-Mongol, culturally Persianate, Muslim empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century,View the SourceKingdom of Mysore (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Mysore, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Mysore, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysuru.View the SourceWikipedia: Ming dynastytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ming dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ming dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.View the SourceWikipedia: Republic of Venicetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Venice, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Venice, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Jerusalemtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Jerusalem, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Jerusalem, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Crusader Kingdom, was one of the Crusader states established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade.View the SourceWikipedia: Umayyad Caliphatetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Umayyad Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Umayyad Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Umayyad Caliphate, or the Umayyad Empire (; ), was the second Islamic caliphate, ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. It succeeded theView the SourceWikipedia: Yuan dynastytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Yuan dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Yuan dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division.View the SourceWikipedia: Sasanian Empiretier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sasanian Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sasanian Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩, romanized: Ērānšahr, lit. 'Empire of the Iranians'), was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD (the era of late antiquity).View the SourceWikipedia: Fatimid Caliphatetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Fatimid Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Fatimid Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Fatimid Caliphate (; Arabic: الخلافة الفاطمیّة, romanised: al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty.View the SourceMamluk Sultanate (Wikipedia)Includes: Mamluk Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Mamluk Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries, with Cairo as its capital.View the SourceWikipedia: Delhi Sultanatetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Delhi Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Delhi Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.View the SourceWikipedia: Sui dynastytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sui dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sui dynasty ( SWAY) was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618 AD. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged period of political division since the War of the Eight Princes.Includes: Sui Unification of China, lead paragraph, datesThe Sui dynasty ( SWAY) was a Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618 AD.View the SourceWikipedia: Sultanate of Rumtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sultanate of Rum, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Rum, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sultanate of Rum, or Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, was a culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim state established over conquered Byzantine territoriesView the SourceWikipedia: Republic of Genoatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Genoa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Genoa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.View the SourceWikipedia: Republic of Florencetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Florence, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Florence, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Florence (Old Italian: Republica di Fiorenza; contemporary Italian: Repubblica di Firenze), also known as the Florentine Republic (Latin: Res publica Florentina; Old Italian: Republica Fiorentina; contemporary Italian: Repubblica Fiorentina [reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna]), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany.View the SourceWikipedia: Old Swiss Confederacytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Old Swiss Confederacy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Old Swiss Confederacy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.View the SourceWikipedia: Novgorod Republictier 2WikipediaIncludes: Novgorod Republic, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Novgorod Republic, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгородская республика, romanized: Novgorodskaya respublika), formally known as Lord Novgorod the Great, was a city-state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northwestern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Benintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Benin, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Benin, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.View the SourceUmayyad state of Córdoba (Wikipedia)Includes: Caliphate of Cordoba, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Caliphate of Cordoba, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. ItsView the SourceKanem-Bornu Empire (Wikipedia)Includes: Kanem-Bornu Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kanem-Bornu Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kanem-Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad.View the SourceKingdom of Kongo (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Kongo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Kongo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo: Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Portuguese: Reino do Congo; Latin: Regnum Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa. It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.View the SourceWikipedia: Golden HordeIncludes: Golden Horde, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Golden Horde, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (lit. 'Great State' in Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire.View the SourceKievan Rus' - WikipediaIncludes: Kievan Rus, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kievan Rus, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesKievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', was the first East Slavic state and, later, an amalgam of principalities, in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.View the SourceGrand Duchy of Lithuania (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania.View the SourceKingdom of Poland (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Poland, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Poland, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 untilView the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of HungaryIncludes: Kingdom of Hungary, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Hungary, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The Catholic kingdom emerged as aView the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of BohemiaIncludes: Kingdom of Bohemia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Bohemia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: České království), or just Bohemia (Czech: Čechy) sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.View the SourceKingdom of Sicily (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Sicily, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Sicily, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae; Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia; Italian: Regno di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.View the SourceKingdom of Sardinia (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Sardinia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Sardinia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a kingdom in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.View the SourceSrivijaya, WikipediaIncludes: Srivijaya, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Srivijaya, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesSrivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia) that influenced much of Southeast Asia.View the SourceWikipedia: Joseontier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Joseon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Joseon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesJoseon (English: CHOH-sun; Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; also romanized as Chosun), officially Great Joseon State (대조선국; 大朝鮮國), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897.View the SourceChampa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Champa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Champa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesChampa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam fromView the SourceAdal Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Adal Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Adal Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn (alt.View the SourceKilwa Sultanate (Wikipedia)Includes: Kilwa Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kilwa Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kilwa Sultanate was a sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day, Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast.View the SourceJolof Empire (Wikipedia)Includes: Jolof Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Jolof Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Jolof Empire (Arabic: امبراطورية جولوف), also known as Great Jolof or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof state in modern-day Senegal, that ruled portions of Mauritania and Gambia from the mid-14th century (or possibly earlier) until 1549.View the SourceWikipedia: Chagatai KhanateIncludes: Chagatai Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Chagatai Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors.View the SourceWikipedia: KhazarsIncludes: Khazar Khaganate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Khazar Khaganate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Khazars (/kəˈzɑːrz/) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people who established a major commercial empire in the late 6th century CE spanning the south of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, and western Kazakhstan.View the SourceWikipedia: First Turkic KhaganateIncludes: Göktürk Khaganate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Göktürk Khaganate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d.View the SourceMajapahit, WikipediaIncludes: Majapahit, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Majapahit, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesMajapahit (Javanese: ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀, romanized: Måjåpahit; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta], Sanskrit: विल्वतिक्त, romanized: vilvatikta), was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).View the SourceAyutthaya Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ayutthaya Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ayutthaya Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand.View the SourceWikipedia: Sukhothai KingdomIncludes: Sukhothai Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sukhothai Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (maṇḍala) in Mainland Southeast Asia centred on the ancient city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand.View the SourceWikipedia: Lan XangIncludes: Lan Xang, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Lan Xang, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesLan Xang (Lao: ລ້ານຊ້າງ, pronounced [lâːn sâːŋ]), also spelled Lan Sang, was a Lao kingdom that held the area of present-day Laos from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia.View the SourceMalacca Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Malacca Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Malacca Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Malacca Sultanate (; Jawi script: ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesisView the SourceKingdom of Chimor (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Chimor, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Chimor, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesChimor (also Kingdom of Chimor or Chimú Empire) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈmu]). The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the Moche culture, and was later conquered by the Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region.View the SourceMuisca Confederations (political units) (Wikipedia)Includes: Muisca Confederation, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Muisca Confederation, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesMuisca Confederations were loose confederations of different Muisca chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.View the SourceWikipedia: WaaloIncludes: Kingdom of Waalo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Waalo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesWaalo (Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean.View the SourceWikipedia: Sultanate of IfatIncludes: Sultanate of Ifat, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Ifat, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sultanate of Ifat, known as Wafāt or Awfāt in Arabic texts, or the Kingdom of Zeila was a medieval Sunni Muslim state in the eastern regions of the Horn of Africa between the late 13th century and early 15th century.View the SourceKhanate of Kazan (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Khanate of Kazan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Khanate of Kazan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that encompassed the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria from 1438 until 1552. The khanate coveredView the SourceCrimean Khanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Crimean Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Crimean Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state established by Hacı I Giray existing from 1441 to 1783.View the SourcePurépecha Empire (Wikipedia)Includes: Purepecha Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Purepecha Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Purépecha Empire, also known as the Kingdom of Tzintzuntzan (Purépecha: Ts'intsúntsani Iréchikwa, [tsʰin'd͡zund͡zani̥ i'ɾet͡ʃikʷa]), was a polityView the SourceSultanate of the Maldive Islands (Wikipedia)Includes: Sultanate of the Maldives, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sultanate of the Maldives, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sultanate of the Maldive Islands was an Islamic monarchy that controlled the Maldives for over eight centuries (1153-1968), with one interruption from 1953-1954.View the SourceKingdom of Georgia (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Georgia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Georgia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in AD.View the SourceAq Qoyunlu (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Aq Qoyunlu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Aq Qoyunlu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغقویونلولار; Persian: آق قویونلو) was a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim tribal confederation.View the SourceKara Koyunlu (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kara Koyunlu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kara Koyunlu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (, ; ), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Muslim dynasty that ruledView the SourceKaramanids (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Karamanids, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Karamanids, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Karamanids (Turkish: Karamanoğulları or Karamanoğulları Beyliği), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (Turkish: Karamanoğulları Beyliği), was a Turkish Anatolian beylik (principality) of Salur tribe origin, descended from Oghuz Turks, centered in south-central Anatolia around present-day Karaman Province.View the SourceTu'i Tonga Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Tu'i Tonga Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Tu'i Tonga Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Tui Tonga Empire, or Tongan Empire, are descriptions sometimes given to Tongan expansionism and projected hegemony in Oceania which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200-1500.View the SourceKingdom of Lan Na (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Lan Na, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Lan Na, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Lan Na Kingdom, also spelled Lanna, was a kingdom centered in present-day Northern Thailand which existed from the 13th toView the SourceAhom Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ahom Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ahom Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ahom kingdom (English: /ˈɑːhɔːm/, Assamese: [aɦʊm]), or Kingdom of Assam, was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley. It is conventionally dated from 1228 to 1826, although the chronology of its foundation is disputed.View the SourceKakatiya Dynasty (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kakatiya Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kakatiya Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kakatiya dynasty (IAST: Kākatīya) was a Telugu dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries.View the SourceGajapati Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Gajapati Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Gajapati Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Gajapati Empire was a medieval powerful Hindu monarchy in the Indian subcontinent, originally from the region of Odisha that reigned from c.1434 to 1541. At its peak, it ruled parts of modern-day West Bengal to Tiruchirappalli (modern-day Tamil Nadu).View the SourceReddi Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Reddi Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Reddi Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Reddy Kingdom or Kondavidu Reddy Kingdom existed from 1325 to 1448 CE in southern India.View the SourceRepublic of Pisa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Pisa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Pisa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Pisa (Italian: Repubblica di Pisa) was an independent state existing from the 11th to the 15th century, centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade for a century, before being surpassed and superseded by the Republic of Genoa.View the SourceTaifa of Seville (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Taifa of Seville, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Taifa of Seville, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Taifa of Seville (Arabic: طائفة إشبيليّة Ta'ifat-u Ishbiliyyah) was an Arab kingdom which was ruled by the Abbadid dynasty.View the SourceTaifa of Granada (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Taifa of Granada, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Taifa of Granada, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Taifa of Granada (Arabic: طائفة غرناطة, Ta'ifat Gharnata) or Zirid Kingdom of Granada was a Muslim kingdom that was formed in al-Andalus (in present-day Spain) in 1013 following the deposition of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II in 1009.View the SourceHoysala Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hoysala Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Hoysala Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Hoysala Kingdom was a prominent South Indian dynasty that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, as well as parts of Tamil Nadu and southwestern Telangana, between the 11th and 14th centuries CE.View the SourceWestern Chalukya Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Western Chalukya Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Western Chalukya Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Western Chalukya Empire ( chə-LOO-kyə) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannada dynasty is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan in the modern Bidar district of Karnataka state, and alternatively the Later Chalukya from its theoretical relationship to the 6th-century Chalukya dynasty of Badami.View the SourceRashtrakuta Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Rashtrakuta Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Rashtrakuta Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Rashtrakuta Empire (Kannada: [raːʂʈrɐkuːʈɐ]) was an early medieval Indian empire ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries.View the SourcePandya Dynasty (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pandya Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Pandya Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Pandya dynasty (Tamil: [paːɳɖijɐr]), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.View the SourcePallava Dynasty (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pallava Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Pallava Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Pallava dynasty ruled from 275 to 897 in southern India, including a significant portion of the Deccan and Tondaimandalam.View the SourceVijayanagara Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Vijayanagara Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Vijayanagara Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnāta Empire, was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of Southern India.View the SourceFunan, WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Funan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Funan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesFunan was a loose network of ancient Indianized states (mandalas) located in Mainland Southeast Asia, covering parts of present-day Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, that existed from the 1st to the 7th century CE.View the SourcePagan Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pagan Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Pagan Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Pagan Kingdom (Burmese: ပုဂံပြည် Băgam pyi [bəɡàɰ̃ pji]; lit. 'Bagan state'), also called Bagan Empire (ပုဂံဧကရာဇ်နိုင်ငံတော်) or the First Burmese Empire, was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar.View the SourceDuchy of Amalfi (Wikipedia)Includes: Republic of Amalfi, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Amalfi, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Duchy of Amalfi (Latin: Ducatus Amalphitanus) or the Republic of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centered on the Southern European city of Amalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries.View the SourceRepublic of Ragusa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Ragusa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Ragusa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe.View the SourceTaifa of Zaragoza (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Taifa of Zaragoza, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Taifa of Zaragoza, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe taifa of Zaragoza (Arabic: طائفة سرقسطة) was an independent Arab Muslim state in the east of Al-Andalus (present-day Spain) with its capital in Saraqusta (Zaragoza) city.View the SourceTaifa of Toledo (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Taifa of Toledo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Taifa of Toledo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Taifa of Toledo (Arabic: طائفة طليطلة, romanized: ṭa'ifat ṭulayṭula) was an Islamic polity (taifa) located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula in the High Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Dhunnunids, a Hawwara Berber clan.View the SourceGrand Duchy of Moscow (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Grand Duchy of Moscow, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Grand Duchy of Moscow, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Grand Principality of Moscow, before 1389 the Principality of Moscow, also known by the exonym Muscovy, was a late medieval Russian monarchy.View the SourceKingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (Wikipedia)Includes: Principality of Halych-Volhynia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Principality of Halych-Volhynia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia, known as the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia before 1253, and also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom ofView the SourceWikipedia: Pskov RepublicIncludes: Republic of Pskov, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Pskov, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Pskov Republic (Russian: Псковская республика, romanized: Pskovskaya respublika), formally known as Lord Pskov (Russian: Господин Псков), was a city-state in northwestern Russia. Its capital city was Pskov and its territory was roughly equivalent to modern-day Pskov Oblast.View the SourceGrand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Grand Principality of Vladimir, before 1157 the Principality of Suzdal, commonly known as Vladimir-Suzdal, or simply Suzdalia, was a Russian principality.View the SourceWikipedia: Kara-Khanid KhanateIncludes: Kara-Khanid Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kara-Khanid Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kara-Khanid Khanate (Persian: قراخانیان, romanized: Qarākhāniyān; Chinese: 喀喇汗國; pinyin: Kālā Hánguó), also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids (Persian: آل افراسیاب, romanized: Āl-i Afrāsiyāb, lit. 'House of Afrasiab'), was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.View the SourceWikipedia: Principality of PolotskIncludes: Principality of Polotsk, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Principality of Polotsk, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Principality of Polotsk (obsolete spelling: Polock; Belarusian: По́лацкае кня́ства, romanized: Połackaje kniastva; Latin: Polocensis Ducatus), also known as the Duchy of Polotsk or Polotskian Rus', was a medieval principality.View the SourceWikipedia: Principality of SmolenskIncludes: Principality of Smolensk, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Principality of Smolensk, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Principality of Smolensk, also known as the Grand Principality of Smolensk, was a Russian principality with its capital in Smolensk.View the SourceWikipedia: Principality of TverIncludes: Grand Principality of Tver, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Grand Principality of Tver, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Principality of Tver (Russian: Тверское княжество, romanized: Tverskoye knyazhestvo) was a Russian principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of NavarreIncludes: Kingdom of Navarre, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Navarre, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Navarre ( nə-VAR), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of LeonIncludes: Kingdom of Leon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Leon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of León was a medieval state situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.View the SourceWikipedia: Crown of AragonIncludes: Crown of Aragon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Crown of Aragon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession.View the SourceDuchy of Burgundy (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Duchy of Burgundy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Duchy of Burgundy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Duchy of Burgundy (; Latin: Ducatus Burgundiae; French: Duché de Bourgogne) was a medieval and early modern feudal polity in north-western regions of historical Burgundy. It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté).View the SourceWikipedia: Duchy of NormandyIncludes: Duchy of Normandy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Duchy of Normandy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of AsturiasIncludes: Kingdom of Asturias, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Asturias, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Asturias was a medieval monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius.View the SourceVandal Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Vandal Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Vandal Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, and a barbarian kingdom established under Gaiseric (or Genseric), a Vandalic warlord.View the SourceWikipedia: Ostrogothic KingdomIncludes: Ostrogothic Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ostrogothic Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae), was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.View the SourceWikipedia: Visigothic Kingdomtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Visigothic Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Visigothic Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Latin: Regnum Gothorum) was a barbarian kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th century.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of the LombardsIncludes: Kingdom of the Lombards, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of the Lombards, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of the Lombards, also known as the Lombard Kingdom and later as the Kingdom of all Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae), was an early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century.View the SourceWikipedia: Carolingian Empiretier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Carolingian Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Carolingian Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Carolingian Empire (800-887) was a Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages.View the SourceWikipedia: Republic of SienaIncludes: Republic of Siena, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Siena, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Siena (Italian: Repubblica di Siena, Latin: Respublica Senensis) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and southern Tuscany, Central Italy. It existed for over 400 years, from 1125 to 1555.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Norway (872-1397)Includes: Kingdom of Norway (872-1397), lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Norway (872-1397), lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe term Norwegian Realm (, , or Noregsveldet) and Old Kingdom of Norway refer to the Kingdom of Norway's peak of power in the 13th century after aView the SourceWikipedia: Duchy of GaetaIncludes: Duchy of Gaeta, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Duchy of Gaeta, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Duchy of Gaeta (Latin: Ducatus Caietae) was an early medieval state centered on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula due to Lombard and Saracen incursions.View the SourceWikipedia: Genoese coloniesIncludes: Genoese Colonies, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Genoese Colonies, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Genoese colonies were a series of economic and trade posts in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.View the SourceWikipedia: Jin dynasty (1115-1234)Includes: Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Jin dynasty (, ), officially the Great Jin (), was a Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Wanyan clan that existedView the SourceWikipedia: Stato da MàrIncludes: Stato da Màr, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Stato da Màr, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (), sometimes described as a maritime empire or overseas empire, comprised the maritime and overseas territoriesView the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of PolonnaruwaIncludes: Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Polonnaruwa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (Sinhala: පොළොන්නරුව රාජධානිය, romanized: Polonnaruwa Rājādhaniya) was the Sinhalese kingdom that expanded across the island of Sri Lanka from 1070 until 1232. The kingdom unified the island and started expanding its overseas influence during the reign of Parakramabahu the Great.View the SourceWikipedia: Lordship of MilanIncludes: Lordship of Milan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Lordship of Milan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Lordship of Milan was a state in Northern Italy created in May 1259 following the election of Martino della Torre as lord of Milan.View the SourceKingdom of Castile (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Castile, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Castile, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Castile was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.View the SourceGreat Law of Peace (Wikipedia)Includes: Great Law of Peace, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Great Law of Peace, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Great Law of Peace, also known as Gayanashagowa, is the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, established circa 1102 CE among the FiView the SourceDeclaration of Arbroath (Wikipedia)Includes: Declaration of Arbroath, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Declaration of Arbroath, lead paragraph and infobox, date' copy of the Declaration from 1320, in the National Archives of ScotlandView the SourceTreaty of Verdun (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Verdun, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Verdun, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Verdun (French: Traité de Verdun; German: Vertrag von Verdun), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I.View the SourceCorpus Juris Civilis (Wikipedia)Includes: Justinian Code, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Justinian Code, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 534---df=yView the SourceStatute of Westminster 1275 (Wikipedia)Includes: Statute of Westminster 1275, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Statute of Westminster 1275, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 1275View the SourceProvisions of Oxford (Wikipedia)Includes: Provisions of Oxford, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Provisions of Oxford, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Provisions of Oxford (Latin: Provisiones Oxonie or Oxoniae) were constitutional reforms to the government of late medieval England adopted during the Oxford Parliament of 1258 to resolve a dispute between Henry III of England and his barons.View the SourceWikipedia: Paston LettersIncludes: Paston Letters, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Paston Letters, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Paston Letters are a collection of correspondence between members of the Paston family of Norfolk gentry and others connected with them in EnglandView the SourceWikipedia: Correspondence between Leo III and Umar IIIncludes: Correspondence between Leo III and Umar II, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Correspondence between Leo III and Umar II, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Correspondence between Leo III and Umar II is a celebrated but likely fictional polemical exchange between the Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717-7View the SourceWikipedia: Aslak Bolt's cadastreIncludes: Aslak Bolt's cadastre, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Aslak Bolt's cadastre, lead paragraph and infobox, dateAslak Bolt's cadastre (; written 1432-1433) is a Norwegian cadastre, a detailed register of properties and incomes of the Archdiocese of Nidaros.View the SourceWikipedia: Summa ParisiensisIncludes: Summa Parisiensis, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Summa Parisiensis, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Summa Parisiensis is an anonymous commentary on the Decretum Gratiani from about 1170.View the SourceWikipedia: Spondent quas non exhibentIncludes: Spondent quas non exhibent, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Spondent quas non exhibent, lead paragraph and infobox, dateSpondent quas non exhibent (sometimes referred to as Spondent pariter) is a papal decretal promulgated in 1317 by Pope John XXII forbidding the practiView the SourceWikipedia: Concordat of WormsIncludes: Concordat of Worms, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Concordat of Worms, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Concordat of Worms (Latin: Concordatum Wormatiense; German: Wormser Konkordat), also referred to as the Pactum Callixtinum or Pactum Calixtinum, was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.View the SourceWikipedia: First Crusadetier 2WikipediaIncludes: First Crusade, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: First Crusade, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe First Crusade (1096-1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, which were initiated, supported and at times directed by the LView the SourceWikipedia: Third Crusadetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Third Crusade, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Third Crusade, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Third Crusade (1189-1192) was an attempt led by King Philip II of France, King Richard I of England, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to reconquerView the SourceWikipedia: Second Crusadetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Second Crusade, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Second Crusade, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Second Crusade (1147-1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the CountyView the SourceSiege of Baghdad (Wikipedia)Includes: Siege of Baghdad (1258), lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Siege of Baghdad (1258), lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Siege of Baghdad, also known as the Sack of Baghdad, took place in early 1258. A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, atView the SourceWikipedia: Battle of Poitiers (1356)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Battle of Poitiers, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Battle of Poitiers, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Battle of Poitiers was fought on 19 September 1356, during the Hundred Years' War, between a French army commanded by King John II and an Anglo-Gascon force under Edward, the Black Prince.View the SourceWikipedia: Despenser Wartier 2WikipediaIncludes: Despenser War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Despenser War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Despenser War (1321-22) was a baronial revolt against Edward II of England led by the Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun. The rebeView the SourceWikipedia: Siege of Valencia (1092-1094)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Siege of Valencia (1092-1094), lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Siege of Valencia (1092-1094), lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Siege of Valencia (1092-1094) was fought between Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, later revered as “El Cid” and Ibn Jahhaf, the Muslim ruler of the Taifa oView the SourceAbbasid Revolution, WikipediaIncludes: Abbasid Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Abbasid Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Abbasid revolution (Arabic: اَلثَّوْرَة اَلْعَبَّاسِيَّةِ, romanized: aṯ-Ṯawra al-ʿAbbāsiyyah), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), the second major caliphate, by the Hashimiyya movement, resulting in the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517), the third major caliphate.View the SourcePlague of Justinian, WikipediaIncludes: Plague of Justinian, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Plague of Justinian, lead paragraph and infobox, datesin 550 (a decade after the Plague of Justinian) with Justinian's conquests shown in greenView the SourceByzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, WikipediaIncludes: Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. IView the SourceArab conquest of Egypt (Wikipedia)Includes: Muslim Conquest of Egypt, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Muslim Conquest of Egypt, lead paragraph and infobox, datesForces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by Amr ibn al-As conquered Byzantine Egypt between 639 and 642 AD. The conquest ended the Roman period in Egypt, View the SourceBattle of the Yarmuk (Wikipedia)Includes: Battle of Yarmouk, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Battle of Yarmouk, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk; Arabic: معركة اليرموك) was a major battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate near the Yarmouk River in Byzantine Syria that marked a crucial point in the Muslim conquest of Syria.View the SourceGothic War (535 to 554), WikipediaIncludes: Gothic War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Gothic War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogoths (Goths) took place from 535 to 554 in the ItaliView the SourceSilla-Tang War, WikipediaIncludes: Unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Silla-Tang War (670-676) occurred between the Silla kingdom of Korea (joined by Goguryeo and Baekje loyalists) and the Tang dynasty of China. It bView the SourceWikipedia: Norman Conquesttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Norman Conquest, lead paragraph, datesQuote, Includes: Norman Conquest, lead paragraph, datesThe Norman Conquest of England (or the Conquest) was an 11th-century invasion by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Bretignytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Bretigny, lead paragraph, datesQuote, Includes: Treaty of Bretigny, lead paragraph, datesThe Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France.View the SourceSultanate of Mogadishu (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sultanate of Mogadishu, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Mogadishu, lead paragraphThe Sultanate of Mogadishu (Somali: Saldanadda Muqdisho, Arabic: سلطنة مقديشو), also known as Kingdom of Magadazo, was a medieval Muslim sultanate centered in southern Somalia.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of SineIncludes: Kingdom of Sine, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Sine, lead paragraphThe Kingdom of Sine (or Siin in Serer, variations: Sin or Siine) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal.View the SourceChutiya Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Chutiya Kingdom, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Chutiya Kingdom, lead paragraphThe Chutia kingdom (also Sadiya, Pron: English: /ˈsʊtɪjə/, Assamese: [sutija] or Sutia) was a late medieval state that developed around Sadiya in present Assam and adjoining areas in Arunachal Pradesh.View the SourceWikipedia: Lordship of CarraraIncludes: Lordship of Carrara, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Lordship of Carrara, lead paragraphThe Lordship of Carrara (Italian: Signoria di Carrara) was a feudal state in medieval Italy, centered in the town of Carrara in present-day northern Tuscany.View the SourceWikipedia: County of FlandersIncludes: County of Flanders, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: County of Flanders, lead paragraphThe County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of modern-day Belgium and north-eastern France.View the SourceWikipedia: Wari EmpireIncludes: Wari Empire, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Wari Empire, lead paragraphThe Wari Empire or Huari Empire was a political formation that emerged in around 600 CE in Peru's Ayacucho Basin and grew to cover much of coastal and highland Peru.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of NaplesIncludes: Kingdom of Naples, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Naples, lead paragraphThe Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or "on this side of the lighthouse", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1302).View the SourceWikipedia: Knights Templartier 2WikipediaIncludes: Knights Templar, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Knights Templar, Lead sectionIn 1119, the French knight Hugues de Payens approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and proposed creating a monastic Catholic religious order for the protection of these pilgrims.View the SourceWikipedia: Knights Hospitallertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller, era placementQuote, Includes: Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitaller, era placementThe monastic Hospitaller Order was formally created when the Pope issued the papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis on 15 February 1113.View the SourceWikipedia: Teutonic Ordertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Teutonic Order, Teutonic Order, era placementQuote, Includes: Teutonic Order, Teutonic Order, era placementfounded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre.View the SourceChola dynasty, WikipediaIncludes: Chola Dynasty, Article textQuote, Includes: Chola Dynasty, Article textThey unified peninsular India south of the Tungabhadra River and held the territory as one state for three centuries between 907 and 1215 CE.View the SourceWikipedia: Kaan kingdomIncludes: Kingdom of Calakmul, Article textQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Calakmul, Article textThe Kaan kingdom was a dominant entity in the Maya lowlands, reaching its peak of power and influence between around 500 and 750 AD.View the SourceWikipedia: Yapese EmpireIncludes: Yapese Empire, Article textQuote, Includes: Yapese Empire, Article textIn circa 950 AD, Yap became the seat of the empire when Gatcheper village in the chiefdom of Gagil (modern-day Gagil Municipality) established an expansive maritime trade network and exerted socioeconomic and political influence to its neighboring islands to the east.View the SourceOyo Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Oyo Empire, Article textQuote, Includes: Oyo Empire, Article textEither way, the royal family was devoted to the Spirits of Thunder (Jakuta) and War (Ogun). === Pre-Imperial period (13th century-1535) === The founding of Oyo is regarded as 1300, but this is only estimated through backtracking the chronology.View the SourceStatute of Kalisz (Wikipedia)Includes: Statute of Kalisz, LeadQuote, Includes: Statute of Kalisz, LeadThe statute was issued by the Duke of Greater Poland Bolesław the Pious on September 8, 1264 in Kalisz.View the SourceKingdom of Zazzau (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Zazzau, Article textQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Zazzau, Article textThe Kingdom of Zazzau () was a Hausa kingdom centred on the city of Zazzau (now Zaria) in modern-day northern Nigeria established sometime in the early second millennium, and endured until its conquest during the jihad of Usman dan Fodio in 1804.View the SourceWikipedia: Ghana EmpireIncludes: Ghana Empire, Article textQuote, Includes: Ghana Empire, Article textThe first identifiable mention of the imperial dynasty in written records was made by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830.View the SourceWikipedia: Murasaki Shikibutier 2WikipediaIncludes: Murasaki Shikibu, Article textQuote, Includes: Murasaki Shikibu, Article textMurasaki Shikibu (紫式部; [mɯ.ɾa.sa.kʲi ɕi̥.kiꜜ.bɯ, -ɕi̥ꜜ.kʲi-], c. 973, c. 1014 or 1025), or Shijo (紫女; [ɕiꜜ.(d)ʑo], lit. 'Lady Murasaki'), was a Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court in the Heian period.View the SourceKingdom of Katsina (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Katsina, Article textQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Katsina, Article textThe Kingdom of Katsina was a Hausa kingdom centred on the city of Katsina in modern-day northern Nigeria that was established some time in the early second millennium CE, and endured until its conquest in 1805/6 during the jihad of Usman dan Fodio.View the SourceArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Cilicia, Article textQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Cilicia, Article textThe kingdom had its origins in the principality founded c. 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia.View the SourceDissenting Readings (2 dissenting readings)End YearJacques Le Goff's Must We Divide History Into Periods? (2015) argues against 1453 as a meaningful close to the medieval period. Le Goff holds that Western Europe underwent a long Middle Ages running from late antiquity to roughly the mid eighteenth century, and that many innovations credited to the Renaissance, in law, learning, commerce and urban life, have genuinely medieval roots, while much of medieval society persisted unchanged well past the fall of Constantinople. On this reading, a political event in the eastern Mediterranean is too narrow a marker for a transformation that, in most of Western Europe, had not yet happened.A dissenting reading, from Jacques Le Goff and the long Middle Ages thesisJacques Le Goff, Must We Divide History Into Periods? (Le Goff, 2015), Columbia University Press, 2015Start YearPeter Brown's 1971 study The World of Late Antiquity reframed the centuries traditionally read as Rome's decline and fall as a period of dynamic cultural and religious innovation in its own right, arguing against treating 476 CE as a sharp break between a classical golden age and a medieval dark age.A dissenting reading, from an independent laneWikipedia, WikipediaTake a Related QuizSeven Eras: The Boundaries Historians Argue OverCovers this kind of entry.Comments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.