The Late Modern Period

(November 12, 1817 - May 29, 1892)

It began in 1789 with the start of the French Revolution

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921.

Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 - 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who was prime minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920.

David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (17 January 1863 - 26 March 1945), was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 1859 - 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor from 1888 until his abdication in 1918.

Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (; 19 June 1861 - 29 January 1928) was a senior officer of the British Army.

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945.

Joseph Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who ruled the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from 1941 to 1953.

Hong Xiuquan (1 January 1814 - 1 June 1864), born Hong Huoxiu and with the courtesy name Renkun, was a Chinese revolutionary and religious leader who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty.

Infobox: born c. 1881; died 1938-11-10

"Princip, Gavrilo (1894-1918)".

Erich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 - 8 April 1922) was a German general and Ottoman Field Marshal who served as Prussian Minister of War and Chief of the German General Staff during the First World War.

Henri Philippe Benoni Omar Joseph Pétain (French: [filip petɛ̃]; 24 April 1856 - 23 July 1951), also known as Marshal Pétain (French: maréchal Pétain, [maʁeʃal petɛ̃]), was a French military officer, dictator, and politician who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the Axis-collaborationist regime of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944, during World War II.

Lin Zexu, Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent (Mandarin Chinese: 林則徐; 30 August 1785 - 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese political philosopher and politician.

Zeng Guofan, Marquis Yiyong (traditional Chinese: 曾國藩; simplified Chinese: 曾国藩; pinyin: Zēng Guófān; Wade-Giles: Tseng1 Kuo2-fan1; 26 November 1811 - 12 March 1872), birth name Zeng Zicheng, courtesy name Bohan (伯涵), was a Chinese statesman and military general of the late Qing dynasty.

Li Hongzhang, Marquis Suyi (Chinese: 李鴻章; also Li Hung-chang; February 15, 1823 - November 7, 1901) was a Chinese statesman of the late Qing dynasty.

Richard Cobden (3 June 1804 - 2 April 1865) was a British Radical and Liberal politician, manufacturer, and a campaigner for free trade and peace.

Infobox: born 16; died 27

De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890-1944. De Gaulle: The Ruler 1945-1970 (1993), 700 pp.

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 - 30 July 1898), was a German statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as its first chancellor from 1871 to 1890.

Infobox: born OldStyleDateNY|18 May|6 May 1868; died 1918-7-17

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes ( KAYNZ; 5 June 1883 - 21 April 1946), was an English economist whose writings are considered the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots.

Wilhelm I (also known in English as William I; German: Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 - 9 March 1888) was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888.

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.

Infobox: born 1783-7-24; died 1830-12-17

Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (né Wesley; 1 May 1769 - 14 September 1852), was a British Army officer and statesman.

Sun Yat-sen (; 12 November 1866 - 12 March 1925) was a Chinese physician, revolutionary and political philosopher who founded the Republic of China (ROC) and the Kuomintang (KMT).

Infobox: born c. July 1787; died 24 September 1828 (age 41)

The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913.

Infobox: born 1840; died 1921-10-17

Infobox: born c. 1845; died 1906-12-10

Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] ; 4 July 1807 - 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, revolutionary and republican.

Emperor Meiji (3 November 1852 - 29 July 1912), personal name Mutsuhito, was Emperor of Japan from 30 January 1867 until his death in 1912.

Infobox: born c. 1831-1837; died 1890-12-15

Francisco "Pancho" Villa (UK: PAN-choh VEE-ə, US: PAHN-choh VEE-(y)ə, Spanish: [ˈpantʃo ˈβiʎa]; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 - 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary, guerrilla leader, and politician.

Emiliano Zapata Salazar (Latin American Spanish: [emiˈljano saˈpata]; 8 August 1879 - 10 April 1919) was a Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader.

Gerónimo (Mescalero-Chiricahua: Goyaałé, lit. 'the one who yawns', [kòjàːɬɛ́]; June 16, 1829 - February 17, 1909) was a military leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people.

Alexander III (Russian: Александр III Александрович Романов, romanized: Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich Romanov; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.

Graf Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke (German: [ˈhɛlmuːt fɔn ˈmɔltkə]; 26 October 1800 - 24 April 1891) was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall.

José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (Spanish pronunciation: [benusˈtjano kaˈransa ðe la ˈɣaɾsa]; 29 December 1859 - 21 May 1920), known as Venustiano Carranza, was a Mexican land owner, revolutionary, and politician who served as the 44th President of Mexico from 1917 until his assassination in 1920, during the Mexican Revolution.

Infobox: born 1880-2-19; died 1928-7-17

Infobox: born c. 1840; died 1877-9-5

George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 - June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.

Infobox: born 1778-2-25; died 1850-8-17

His late period (1812-1827) included some of his most innovative works.

Empress Dowager Cixi (Mandarin pronunciation: [tsʰɹ̩̌.ɕì]; 29 November 1835 - 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who periodically controlled the government of the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent from 1861 until her death in 1908.

Pedro d'Alcântara de Bragança, 1798-1834 (in Portuguese).

Tecumseh ( tih-KUM-sə, -⁠see; March 9, 1768 - October 5, 1813) was a Shawnee chief and warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands.

Infobox: born 1806-3-21; died 1872-7-18

Infobox: born 1853; died 1927 (aged 73-74)

Johann Ludwig (also known as John Lewis, Jean Louis) Burckhardt (Arabic: يوهان لودفيك بركهارت; 24 November 1784 - 15 October 1817) was a Swiss traveller, geographer, and Orientalist.

Agnes Marion de Silva (née Nell; 1885-1961) was a Sri Lankan women's activist from a progressive society who, during the 1930s, pioneered issues related to women and in particular adult suffrage or franchise for women in Sri Lanka.

Infobox: born 1883-9-9; died 1957-9-27

Henry Dunant (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi dynɑ̃]; born Jean-Henri Dunant; 8 May 1828 - 30 October 1910), also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss humanitarian, businessman, social activist, and co-founder of the Red Cross.

Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 - November 11, 1831) was an enslaved Black carpenter and preacher who led a four-day rebellion of both slave and free Black people in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831.

Infobox: born c. 1832; died June 14, 1905 (aged 68)

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, which would later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Infobox: born Gregorian to Julian|22 April 1870; died 1924-1-21

Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 - 9 September 1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary, political theorist and the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 - 27 May 1964) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century.

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 - 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and revolutionary who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.

Hồ Chí Minh (born Nguyễn Sinh Cung; 19 May 1890 - 2 September 1969), colloquially known as Uncle Ho (Bác Hồ) among other aliases and sobriquets, was a Vietnamese communist revolutionary and statesman who founded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 (known as North Vietnam after 1954).

Kwame Nkrumah (born Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma, /(ə)nˈkruːmə/ (ə)n-KROO-mə; 21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary.

Haile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen or Lij Tafari; 23 July 1892 - 27 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974.

Infobox: born c. 1818; died 1868-04-15

Yohannes IV (Tigrinya: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ Rabaiy Yōḥānnes; horse name Abba Bezbiz also known as Kahśsai; born Lij Kahssai Mercha; 11 July 1837 - 10 March 1889) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the Battle of Gallabat, and king of Tigray from 1869 to 1871.

Infobox: born c. 1793; died 27 July 1828 (age 35)

James Naismith ( NAY-smith; November 6, 1861 - November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, Christian chaplain, and sports coach, best known as the inventor of the game of basketball.

Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (French: [ʃaʁl pjɛʁ də fʁedi baʁɔ̃ də kubɛʁtɛ̃]; born Pierre de Frédy; 1 January 1863 - 2 September 1937), also known as Pierre de Coubertin and Baron de Coubertin, was a French educator and historian, co-founder of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and its second president.

Walter Chauncey Camp (April 7, 1859 - March 14, 1925) was an American college football player and coach, and sports writer known as the "Father of American Football".

William Gilbert Grace (18 July 1848 - 23 October 1915) was an English cricketer who is widely held to have been one of the sport's all-time greatest players.

William Henry "Harry" Wright (January 10, 1835 - October 3, 1895) was an American professional baseball center fielder, pitcher, manager, and developer.

Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 - August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.

Infobox: born 1837-4-17; died 1913-3-31

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 - April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist and business magnate.

Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 - January 4, 1877), nicknamed "the Commodore", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

Infobox: born 1826; died 8 February 1884 (aged 58)

Infobox: born circa 1770; died Death year and age|1843|1770|08

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 - 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language.

Infobox: born Gregorian to Julian|9 September 1828; died Gregorian to Julian|20 November 1910 (aged 82)

Infobox: born c. 1760s; died 27 November 1849

Mohammed ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi, better known as Abd el-Krim (12 January 1882 - 6 February 1963), was a Moroccan revolutionary, religious, political and military leader and the president of the Republic of the Rif.

The Rani of Jhansi (Hindi: Jhānsi Ki Rāni; born Manikarnika Tambe; 1827-30, or 1835 - 18 June 1858), also known as Rani Lakshmibai, was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Colonel Kumar Sri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II (10 September 1872 - 2 April 1933), often known as Ranji or K.

Arthur Wharton (28 October 1865 - 12 December 1930) was a British footballer.

Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (3 March 1839 - 19 May 1904) was an Indian industrialist, philanthropist and patriarch of the Tata family who founded the Tata Group, India's largest conglomerate.

Infobox: born 1894-11-27; died 1989-04-27

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Bengali pronunciation: [ram moɦɔn rae̯]; 22 May 1772 - 27 September 1833) was an Indian social reformer and writer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent.

Infobox: born June 19, 1861; died 1896-12-30

Infobox: born 1872-07-16; died

Infobox: born May 1788; died December 20, 1812 (aged 24)

Aristotle Socrates Onassis (, US also ; Greek: Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης, romanized: Aristotélis Onásis, pronounced [aristoˈtelis oˈnasis]; 20 January 1906 - 15 March 1975) was a Greek and Argentine business magnate and shipping tycoon.

Infobox: born 1835-01-09; died 1885-02-07

Rabindranath Tagore (Bengali: [ˈrobind̪ɾonat̪ʰ ˈʈʰakuɾ] ; 7 May 1861 - 7 August 1941) was a Bengali poet, author, playwright, musician, composer, philosopher, social reformer, painter, and one of the foremost figures of the Bengal Renaissance.

Infobox: born c. 1840; died 1898-04-27

Infobox: born 1896-12-01; died 1974-06-18

Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel (pronounced [ˈɛɐviːn ˈʁɔməl] ; 15 November 1891 - 14 October 1944), known as The Desert Fox (German: Der Wüstenfuchs, pronounced [ˈvyːstn̩ˌfʊks] ), was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during World War II.

Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 - October 12, 1870) was a Confederate general whose early actions in the American Civil War led to his appointment as the overall commander of the Confederate States Army near the end of the war.

Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States, serving from 1869 to 1877, and was the Commanding General of the Union Army, leading it to victory in the American Civil War in 1865.

Infobox: born 15; died 11

Zhou Enlai (Chinese: 周恩来; pinyin: Zhōu Ēnlái; Wade-Giles: Chou1 Ên1-lai2; 5 March 1898 - 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary who served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China from October 1949 until his death in January 1976.

Golda Meir (previously Meyerson; née Mabovitch; 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978) was the prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974.

David Ben-Gurion ( ben GOOR-ee-ən; Hebrew: דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן [daˈvid ben ɡuʁˈjon] ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 - 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder and first prime minister of the State of Israel.

Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (5 January 1876 - 19 April 1967) was a German statesman and politician who served as the first chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963.

Ludwig II (Louis II;Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; German: [ˈluːtvɪç ˈɔto ˈfʁiː.dʁɪç ˈvɪlˌhɛlm]; 25 August 1845 - 13 June 1886), also called the Swan King or the Fairy Tale King (der Märchenkönig), was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886.

Eusebi Güell Bacigalupi, 1st Count of Güell (; 15 December 1846-8 July 1918), also referred as Eusebio Güell, was a Spanish entrepreneur who profited greatly from the industrial revolution in Catalonia in the late 19th century.

David Livingstone (; 19 March 1813 - 1 May 1873) was a Scottish doctor, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, and an explorer in Africa.

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (Norwegian: [ˈfrɪ̂tːjɔf ˈnɑ̀nsn̩]; 10 October 1861 - 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian polymath and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

Ludwig I or Louis I (German: Ludwig I.; 25 August 1786 - 29 February 1868) was King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states.

William Randolph Hearst (; April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher and politician.

Henry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 - December 2, 1919) was an American industrialist, financier, and art patron.

George Washington Vanderbilt II (November 14, 1862 - March 6, 1914) was an American art collector and member of the prominent Vanderbilt family, which amassed a huge fortune through steamboats, railroads, and various business enterprises.

Infobox: born circa February 14, 1818; died 1895-2-20

Infobox: born c. 1797; died 1883-11-26

William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the Atlantic slave trade.

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 - 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and politician who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based on the debates of the Constituent Assembly of India and the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 - March 25, 1931) was an American investigative journalist, sociologist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement.

William Lloyd Garrison (December 10, 1805 - May 24, 1879) was an American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer.

Alice Joséphine Marie Milliat (née Million; 5 May 1884 - 19 May 1957) was a pioneer of women's sport.

Mildred Ella "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias (; née Didrikson; June 26, 1911 - September 27, 1956) was an American athlete who excelled in golf, basketball, baseball, and track and field.

Infobox: born Birth year|1830; died 1905-10-29

Infobox: born c. 1822; died 1909-12-10

Infobox: born 1821-11-11; died 1881-02-09

Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] ; 26 February 1802 - 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician.

Cyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 - May 13, 1884) was an American inventor and businessman who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of the International Harvester Company in 1902.

Levi Strauss ( LEE-vy STROWSS; born Löb Strauß, German: [løːp ˈʃtʁaʊs]; February 26, 1829 - September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans.

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic use of roll film into the mainstream.

Francis II and I (German: Franz II; 12 February 1768 - 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor (as Francis II) from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) from 1804 to 1835.

Infobox: born 8 September 1779; died 1808-11-16

Infobox: born 20 July 1785; died 1839-7-1

Infobox: born 25 April 1823; died 1861-6-25

Abdulaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز, romanized: ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; Turkish: Abdülaziz; 8 February 1830 - 4 June 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup.

Infobox: born 1840-9-21; died 1904-8-29

Infobox: born 1842-9-21; died 1918-2-10

Infobox: born 1844-11-02; died 1918-07-03

Infobox: born 1861-1-14; died 1926-5-16

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 - 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901.

George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 - 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952.

George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.

Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 - 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.

Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 - 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.

George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 - 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death in 1830.

William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 - 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837.

The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 - 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth and penultimate emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.

Puyi (Chinese: 溥儀; pinyin: Pǔ Yí; Wade-Giles: P'u-i; 7 February 1906 - 17 October 1967) was the last emperor of China, having reigned as the Xuantong Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1908-1912, with a brief restoration in 1917) and later as the Kangde Emperor of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state during World War II.

Ranavalona II (1829 - 13 July 1883) was Queen of Madagascar from 1868 to 1883, succeeding Queen Rasoherina, her first cousin.

Ranavalona III (Malagasy pronunciation: [ranaˈvalːə̥]; 22 November 1861 - 23 May 1917) was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar.

Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 - 20 November 1925) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress of India, from 22 January 1901 to 6 May 1910 as the wife of King Edward VII.

Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Theresia Josepha Lucia; 12 December 1791 - 17 December 1847) was Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death in 1847.

Dona Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 - 11 December 1826) was the first Empress of Brazil as the wife of Emperor Dom Pedro I from 12 October 1822 until her death.

The Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen, pronounced [ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918. It played a significant role in the unification of Germany in 1871 and was a major constituent of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918.

Great Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706

The Empire of Japan (Japanese: 大日本帝國/大日本帝国, Hepburn: Dai Nippon Teikoku/Dai Nihon Teikoku), also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the period of Japanese history spanning 79 years, starting with the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868, and ending with ratification of the Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.

The Zulu Kingdom ( ; ), sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire, was a monarchy in Southern Africa. During the 1810s, Shaka established a standing

The Samorian state, also referred to as the Wassoulou empire, Ouassalou empire, Mandinka empire or Samory's empire, was a short-lived West African state that existed from roughly 1878 until 1898, although dates vary from source to source.

The Asante Empire (Asante Twi: Asanteman), also known as the Ashanti Empire, was an Akan state that lasted from 1701 to 1902, in what is now modern-day Ghana. It expanded from the Ashanti Region to include most of Ghana and also parts of Ivory Coast and Togo.

The Kingdom of Dahomey (; Fon: Danhɔmɛ, lit. 'In the Belly of Chief Dan') was a West African kingdom located within the present-day Republic of Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904.

Wallachia is a geographical region of modern-day Romania, as well as one of the two historical Romanian principalities that laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern Romanian state.

Jhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the state under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse, and renamed it the Jhansi State.

The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy.

In the history of France, the French Republic (French: République française), retroactively referred to as the First Republic (French: Première République) and sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.

The Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian: Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi [kɛ ɐwˈpuni həˈvɐjʔi]), was an archipelagic country from 1795 to 1893, which eventually encompassed all of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: Regno delle Due Sicilie) was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1861 under the control of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, a cadet branch of the Bourbons.

The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.

The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.

The Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.

The Sokoto Caliphate (Arabic: دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان, literally: Caliphate in the Lands of Sudan), also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa.

The Kanem-Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad.

The Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo: Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Portuguese: Reino do Congo; Latin: Regnum Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa. It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania.

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland-Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (), was a federative real union between the

The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 until

The Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: České království), or just Bohemia (Czech: Čechy) sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

The Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae; Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia; Italian: Regno di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.

The French Empire (French: Empire français; Latin: Imperium Francicum), known retroactively as the First French Empire, and colloquially as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a kingdom in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.

Joseon (English: CHOH-sun; Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; also romanized as Chosun), officially Great Joseon State (대조선국; 大朝鮮國), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897.

Champa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam from

The Rozvi Empire (c. 16831866) was a Shona state established by Changamire Dombo on the Zimbabwean Plateau. The term "Rozvi" refers to their legacy

The Kingdom of Loango was a state created by Kongo people during approximately the 16th to 19th centuries in what is now the western part of the Republic of the Congo, Southern Gabon and Cabinda.

The Kingdom of Rwanda (also known as the Nyiginya Kingdom or Nyginya Dynasty) was a Bantu kingdom in modern-day Rwanda which grew to be ruled by a Tutsi monarchy.

The Kingdom of Burundi (French: Royaume du Burundi), also known as Kingdom of Urundi (Kirundi: Ubwami bw'Urundi), was a Bantu kingdom in the modern-day Republic of Burundi. The Ganwa monarchs (with the title of mwami) ruled over both Hutus and Tutsis.

The Kingdom of Imerina (Malagasy: Fanjakan'Imerina; c. 1540-1897), also known as the Kingdom of Madagascar or the Kingdom of Merina, was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 18th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar.

The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia.

Kaabu (1537-1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was a federation of Mandinka kingdoms in the Senegambia region centered within modern

The Khanate of Khiva (Chagatay: خیوه خانلیگی, romanized: Khivâ Khânligi, Persian: خانات خیوه, romanized: Khânât-e Khiveh, Uzbek: Xiva xonligi, Хива хонлиги, Turkmen: Hywa hanlygy, Russian: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoye khanstvo) was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746.

The Khanate of Kokand (Persian: خان‌نشین خوقند, Chagatay: خوقند خانليغى) was an early modern state in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia. At its peak, it stretched from the Ulu Tau mountains in the north, Sariqol in the south, Aq Masjid in the west, and Karakol in the east.

The Konbaung dynasty (Burmese: ကုန်းဘောင်မင်းဆက်), also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885.

The Cayor Kingdom (Wolof: Kajoor; Arabic: كاجور) was from 1549 to 1886 the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal.

Baol or Bawol was a kingdom in what is now central Senegal.

Waalo (Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: سلطنة زنجبار, romanized: Sulṭanat Zanjībār), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in existence between 1856 and 1964.

The Tui Tonga Empire, or Tongan Empire, are descriptions sometimes given to Tongan expansionism and projected hegemony in Oceania which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200-1500.

The Imamate of Futa Jallon or Jalon (Arabic: إمامة فوتة جالون; Pular: Fuuta Jaloo or Fuuta Jalon فُوتَ جَلࣾو, 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅), sometimes referred to as the Emirate of Timbo, was a West African Islamic state based in the Fouta Djallon highlands of modern Guinea.

The Imamate of Futa Toro (Arabic: إمامة فوتة تورو; Fula: Imaama Futa Toro; French: Imamat de Futa Toro) was a West African theocratic monarchy of the Fula-speaking people (Fulɓe and Toucouleurs) in the middle valley of the Senegal River, in the region known as Futa Toro.

The Warsangali Sultanate (Somali: Saldanadda Warsangeli) (Arabic: سلطنة الورسنجلي‎‎), was a Somali state established in the 17th century in the Maakhir region during the early modern period by militarized Garaads (Lords) of the Maakhir coast and the Cal-Madow Mountains.

The Ahom kingdom (English: /ˈɑːhɔːm/, Assamese: [aɦʊm]), or Kingdom of Assam, was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley. It is conventionally dated from 1228 to 1826, although the chronology of its foundation is disputed.

The Sultanate of Sulu (Tausug: Kasultanan sin Sūg; Central Sama: Kasultanan Sūg or Kasultanan Sūk; Malay: Kesultanan Suluk; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Sulu or Sultanato ng Sulu) was a Sunni Muslim Tausūg state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga City, and certain portions of Palawan in today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah and North Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo.

The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe.

The Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Kazakh Khanates or Qazaq Khanate was a nomadic state in Central Asia that existed from c. 1465 to the early 19th century.

The Kingdom of Navarre ( nə-VAR), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.

The Kingdom of León was a medieval state situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Duchy of Burgundy (; Latin: Ducatus Burgundiae; French: Duché de Bourgogne) was a medieval and early modern feudal polity in north-western regions of historical Burgundy. It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté).

The Kingdom of Tahiti or the Tahitian Kingdom was a Polynesian monarchy founded by paramount chief Pōmare I, who, with the aid of British missionaries and traders, and European weaponry, unified the islands of Tahiti, Moʼorea, Tetiʻaroa, and Mehetiʻa.

The Kingdom of Belgium controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the Belgian Congo (modern DR Congo) from

The Omani Empire (Arabic: الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة) was a maritime empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for trade and influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. After rising as a regional power in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Cape Delgado in what is now Mozambique.

Sweden controlled a number of colonies outside Europe between 1638 and 1878.

Russian colonization of North America describes colonies and territories claimed by the Russian Empire in the Pacific Coast region of North America

The German colonial empire (German: deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire. Unified in 1871, the chancellor of this time period was Otto von Bismarck.

at its peak in 1942. Japan and its allies Thailand (in dark red) and Azad Hind occupied territories and client states in lighter red.

The Qing dynasty ruled over the island of Taiwan from 1683 to 1895. The Qing dynasty sent an army led by General Shi Lang to defeat the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning in 1683. Taiwan was then formally annexed in April 1684.

The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (), sometimes described as a maritime empire or overseas empire, comprised the maritime and overseas territories

The Kingdom of Castile was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

The text of the declaration was published in the press on 9 November 1917.

Lincoln delivered the speech on the afternoon of November 19, 1863, during a formal dedication of Soldiers' National Cemetery, now known as Gettysburg National Cemetery, on the grounds where the Battle of Gettysburg had been fought four and a half months earlier, between July 1 and July 3, 1863, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

The Communist Manifesto, originally the Manifesto of the Communist Party, is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It was co

The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Consi

The Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States president Abrah

President James Monroe first articulated the doctrine on December 2, 1823, during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress (though it was not named after him until 1850).

The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote t

Infobox date: 3 January 1916

It was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the Crown and by Māori chiefs (rangatira) from the North Island of New Zealand.

Infobox date: 27 August 1928

The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles wer

It helped to generate support for the American declaration of war on Germany in April 1917.

The peace conference took place from March 20 to April 17, 1895, and the treaty followed and superseded the Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty of 1871.

In January 1918, the Central Powers demanded secession of all occupied territories of the former Russian Empire.

It was signed on the 2nd of February 1848 in the town of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane, lit. 'Sale of Louisiana') was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803.

The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men-100 out of

Both sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, United Netherlands (now in Belgium).

The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: Traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on one side and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other.

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial relations among 44 countries, including the United States, Canada

The treaty was finalized on February 6, 1922.

The Locarno Treaties, known collectively as the Locarno Pact, were seven post-World War I agreements negotiated amongst Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia in late 1925.

As such, negotiations resumed on 23 October 1936 and the pact was finalized and signed on 25 November of the same year.

The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler.

These talks collapsed on 15 February 1915.

The British House of Commons approved the treaty on 16 December 1921 by a vote of 401 to 58.

The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.

Gladstone, William Ewart (1878).

Infobox date: 1878-3-3

The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919, in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the Hauts-de-Seine department, just west of Paris in France.

"The Franco-German Boundary of 1871", World Politics, pp.

Infobox date: April 29 - November 6, 1868efn-Iron Shell was the first to sign the document on

It was signed at Fort Greenville, now Greenville, Ohio, on August 3, 1795, following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier in August 1794.

Infobox date: 24 October 1860 (Anglo-Chinese); 25 October 1860 (Franco-Chinese); 14 Novemb

The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several unequal treaties signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858.

Infobox date: September 7, 1901 (July 25th, Year Guangxu 27)

Perry returned again on February 11, 1854, with an even larger force of eight warships and made it clear that he would not be leaving until a treaty was signed.

The Treaty of Shimoda (下田条約, Shimoda Jouyaku) (formally Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia 日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jouyaku) of February 7, 1855, was the first treaty between the Russian Empire, and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate.

The Treaty of Wuchale (also spelled Treaty of Ucciale; Italian: Trattato di Uccialli, Amharic: የውጫሌ ውል) was a treaty signed between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The signing parties were King Menelik II of Shewa, acting as Emperor of Ethiopia, and Count Pietro Antonelli representing Italy, on 2 May 1889, established the treaty after the Italian occupation of Eritrea.

In March 1912, negotiations at the Royal Palace in Fes between Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco and Eugène Regnault were interpreted by Abdelqader Benghabrit, who was then working as the translator at the French Legation in Tangier.

The Ems dispatch (French: Dépêche d'Ems, German: Emser Depesche), sometimes called the Ems telegram, was published on 13 July 1870; it incited the Second French Empire to declare war on the Kingdom of Prussia on 19 July 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian War.

Japanese special envoy, with United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing in Washington, in 1917 for the signing of the Lansing-Ishii Agreement

The Treaties of Tilsit (French: Traités de Tilsit), also collectively known as the Peace of Tilsit (German: Friede von Tilsit; Russian: Тильзитский мир, romanized: Tilzitski mir), were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit (today Sovetsk, Russia) in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland, at the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition.

It was signed in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) of Amiens on 25 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in the French Revolutionary calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace".

Alexander II pursued peace talks with Britain and France in Paris in 1856, seeking to keep some imperial possessions, to stop the deaths of thousands of its army reserves, and to prevent an economic crisis.

Congress voted on a trade embargo against Britain in March 1794.

The treaty followed the armistice of Leoben (18 April 1797), which had been forced on the Habsburgs by Napoleon's victorious campaign in Italy.

The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between Spain and the French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.

Infobox date: 1819-2-22

The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia

The treaty was signed on 22 February 1828 (5 Sha'ban 1243) in Torkamanchay (a village between Tabriz and Tehran).

The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: Russian: Гюлистанский договор, romanized: Gyulistanskiy dogovor; Persian: عهدنامه گلستان, romanized: Ahdnāme-ye Golestān) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813).

The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Qing dynasty of China.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human and civil rights document from the French Revolution; the French title can be translated in the modern era as "Declaration of Human and Civil Rights".

The code finally came into effect on 21 March 1804.

Roosevelt gave Congress the charter's content on 21 August 1941.

Friedrich Ebert, the first president of Germany, signed the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919, and it became effective on the 14th.

The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國憲法; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国憲法, romanized: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kenpō), known informally as the Meiji Constitution (明治憲法, Meiji Kenpō), was the constitution of the Empire of Japan which was proclaimed on February 11, 1889, and remained in force between November 29, 1890, until May 2, 1947.

The Cairo Declaration (Chinese: 開羅宣言) was the outcome of the Cairo Conference in Cairo, Egypt, on 27 November 1943 of the 3 Allied powers engaged in the Second World war against the "Axis" of Germany and Japan, represented by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China.

The Hossbach Memorandum (or Hossbach Protocol) records minutes of a meeting in Berlin on 5 November 1937 attended by German dictator Adolf Hitler and

Although early negotiations stalled, the British government eventually authorized Sir Charles Bagot, its minister in Washington, to resume talks. a correspondence of letters between Acting United States Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot, which were exchanged and signed on April 27 and 28, 1817.

The Zinoviev letter was a forged document published and sensationalised by the Daily Mail newspaper four days before the 1924 United Kingdom general e

The Reinsurance Treaty was a diplomatic agreement between the German Empire and the Russian Empire that was in effect from 1887 to 1890. The existence

The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodical

When used today the term almost always denotes the second Entente Cordiale, that is to say, the written and partly secret agreement signed in London between the two powers on 8 April 1904.

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (日英同盟, Nichi-Ei Dōmei) was an alliance between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Japan which was effective from 1902 to 1923.

These words presaged the 1804 Haiti massacre, which was supervised by Dessalines.

Volume 2, which originated from Manuale di diritto publico e privato ottomano (1865) by Domenico Gatteschi

The Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: قانون أساسي, romanized: Kānûn-ı Esâsî, lit. 'Basic law'; French: Constitution ottomane) was in effect from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era, and from 1908 to 1922 in the Second Constitutional Era.

The Charter Oath (五ヶ條ノ御誓文, Gokajō no Goseimon; Shinjitai: 五箇条の御誓文; more literally, the Oath in Five Articles) was promulgated on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization.

Infobox date: 19 March 1812 (first time); 1 January 1820 (second time, de facto); 1836

The Reuter concession (Persian: امتیازنامه رویتر) was a contract signed in 1872 between Paul Reuter, a German-born British banker, businessman, and fo

The payment was to begin from 9 January 1834, the date on which the Kubo Valley was officially transferred to Burmese control.

David Ben-Gurion, then head of the executive committee of the Jewish Agency, wrote a letter to his son Amos on 5 October 1937. The letter is well know

RAC-HBC Agreement was a series of protocols signed by the Russian-American Company (RAC) and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1839 and remained activ

The Mannheimer Akte (Mannheim Act) (officially: Revised Rhine Navigation Act of 17 October 1868) is an international agreement that regulates vessel t

It was ratified on 10 September 1933 and it remains in force.

It was ratified on 7 June 1929.

The Frankfurt Constitution (German: Frankfurter Reichsverfassung) or Constitution of St. Paul's Church (Paulskirchenverfassung), officially named the Constitution of the German Empire (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches) of 28 March 1849, was an unsuccessful attempt to create a unified German nation from the states of the German Confederation.

The Statuto Albertino (English: Albertine Statute) was the constitution granted by King Charles Albert of Sardinia to the Kingdom of Sardinia on 4 Mar

The April Laws, also called March Laws, were a collection of laws legislated by Lajos Kossuth with the aim of modernizing the Kingdom of Hungary into

The Constitution of 1848 is the constitution passed in France on 4 November 1848 by the National Assembly, the constituent body of the Second French Republic.

The first democratic constitution was adopted in 1849, replacing the 1665 absolutist constitution. The current constitution is from 1953.

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement concluded in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Rus

The Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution (represented by François de Barthélemy).

Infobox date: 1801-02-09-df=y

This provision resulted in the Congress of Vienna, held between September 1814 and June 1815.

The Treaty of Schönbrunn (), sometimes known as the Peace of Schönbrunn () or the Treaty of Vienna (), was signed between France and Austria at Schönb

The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was marked by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt

The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, Boxer Movement, Yihetuan Movement (traditional Chinese: 義和團運動; simplified Chinese: 义和团运动), or Boxer War, was an uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.

The Franco-Prussian War, occasionally known as the Franco-German War, and sometimes referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between F

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by

The Turkish War of Independence (15 May 1919 - 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I.

The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 - 17 April 1895) was a conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily for influence over Korea.

The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a global series of conflicts fought by a fluctuating array of European coalitions against the French First Republ

The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history".

The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an alliance

The Spanish American wars of independence (Spanish: Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) were a series of conflicts across the Spanish Empire in the early 19th century. They began shortly after the outbreak of the Peninsular War and formed part of the broader Napoleonic Wars.

The Anglo-Zulu War, or simply the Zulu War, was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British Empir

The Battle of Adwa was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War. It was fought on 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa between the Ethiopi

The War of the Golden Stool, also known as the Yaa Asantewaa War, the Third Ashanti Expedition, the Ashanti Uprising, or variations thereof, was a cam

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 - May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve slavery in the United States.

The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, culminated in the end of China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynas

The Expedition of the Thousand (Italian: Spedizione dei Mille) was an event of the unification of Italy that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto al Mare near Genoa and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the Spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest betwe

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovere

The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March, and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial Indi

The Meiji Restoration (明治維新, Meiji Ishin; also translated as the Meiji Reform[ation]), referred to at the time as the Honorable Restoration (御維新／御一新, Goi(s)shin), was a political event that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji and led to the Westernisation of Japan.

on 3 January 1885, showing German Chancellor Bismarck about to partition Africa

The Haitian Revolution, also known as the Haitian War of Independence, was a successful insurrection by enslaved Africans against French colonial rule

The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger (Irish: an Gorta Mór [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]), the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852.

The 1918-1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the misleading name Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influ

The Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian famine, was a massive man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainian

The Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine during World War II in the Bengal Province and Orissa Province of British India. An estimated 800,000-3.8 milli

The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement and ethnic cleansing of about 60,000 Native Americans of the "Five Civilized Tribes", including their b

The Musket Wars were a series of as many as 3,000 battles and raids fought throughout New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands) among Māori between

The War of the Pacific (Spanish: Guerra del Pacífico), also known by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert, the war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia.

The Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish: Batalla de Ayacucho, IPA: [baˈtaʎa ðe aʝaˈkutʃo]) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of belligerent South American states.

The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch col

The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the

The Crimean War was fought between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia from October 1853 to Februar

The Second Opium War (simplified Chinese: 第二次鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 第二次鴉片戰爭), also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War or Arrow War, was fought between the United Kingdom and France against the Qing dynasty of China between 1856 and 1860.

The proclamation of the German Empire, also known as the Deutsche Reichsgründung, took place on January 18, 1871 after the joint victory of the German

The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 - 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.

The Second Boer War was a conflict fought between 1899 and 1902 between the British Empire and the Boer republics (the South African Republic and Oran

The unification of Italy (Italian: Unità d'Italia [uniˈta ddiˈtaːlja]), also known as the Risorgimento (Italian: [risordʒiˈmento]; lit. 'Resurgence'), was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 ended in the annexation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles to the Kingdom of Sardinia, resulting in the creation of the Kingdom of Italy.

The Reform War (17 December 1857 - 11 January 1861) or War of Reform (Spanish: Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War (Spanish: Guerra de los Tres Años) and the Mexican Civil War, was a complex civil conflict in Mexico that was fought between Mexican liberals and conservatives with regional variations over the promulgation of the Constitution of 1857.

The Philippine-American War, known alternatively as the Filipino-American War, Philippine Insurrection, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged in early 1899

The Herero and Nama genocide, or the Namibian genocide, was the extermination of the Herero and the Nama people in German South West Africa (now Namib

The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, S

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence fought by Gree

The Mexican War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de México, 16 September 1810 - 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire.

The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil española) was fought in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalist rebels. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists, supported by the Soviet Union.

The Marco Polo Bridge incident, also known as the Lugou Bridge incident or the July 7 incident, was a three-day battle that began on 7 July 1937 in th

The Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Cásca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916.

The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.

The Haymarket affair was a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. The rally began peacefully

The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 dur

The Kronstadt rebellion (Russian: Кронштадтское восстание, romanized: Kronshtadtskoye vosstaniye) was a 1921 insurrection of Soviet sailors, naval infantry, and civilians against the Bolshevik government in the Russian port city of Kronstadt.

The Dersim massacre, also known as Dersim genocide, was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim Province

The North-West Rebellion (French: Rébellion du Nord-Ouest) was an armed rebellion of Métis under Louis Riel and an associated uprising of Cree and Assiniboine mostly in the District of Saskatchewan, against the Canadian government.

The First Serbian Uprising was an uprising of Serbs in Orašac against the Dahije, and later the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813

The June Days (French: les journées de Juin) were an uprising staged by workers in Paris from 22 to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed.

The Rebellions of 1837-1838 () were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. Both rebellions were motivated by

The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was a war in South America that lasted from 1864 to 1870. It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.

The Spanish-American War (April 21, August 13, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the U.S.

The second French intervention in Mexico (Spanish: segunda intervención francesa en México), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861-1867), was a military invasion of the Republic of Mexico by the French Empire of Napoleon III, purportedly to force the collection of Mexican debts in conjunction with Great Britain and Spain (the first, known as the Pastry War, was in 1838-1839).

The Kano Emirate was a Muslim state in northern Nigeria formed in 1805 during the Fulani jihad when the Muslim Hausa-led Sultanate of Kano was deposed and replaced by a new emirate which became a vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or "on this side of the lighthouse", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1302).

The Italian colonial empire (Italian: Impero coloniale italiano), sometimes known as the Italian Empire (Impero italiano), was a colonial empire that existed between 1882 and 1943; an Italian colony was revived in 1950 as a UN trust territory under Italy's administration and lasted until 1960.

the five men held the first meeting of the Sub-committee...on 17 February 1863.

Glele, or Badohou (died December 29, 1889), was the tenth King of Dahomey, ruling from 1858 until his suicide in 1889.

The treaty was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and Abdülkadir Bey of the Ottoman Empire.

The Twenty-One Demands was a set of demands made during the First World War by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu to the government of the Republic of China on 18 January 1915.

The 1848 Constitution of Prussia was imposed on the Kingdom of Prussia by King Frederick William IV on 5 December 1848 in response to demands that arose during the German revolutions of 1848-1849.

The correspondence is composed of ten letters that were exchanged from July 1915 to March 1916 between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner to Egypt.

The Constantinople Agreement (also known as the Straits Agreement) resulted from a secret exchange of diplomatic correspondence between members of the Triple Entente from 4 March to 10 April 1915 during World War I.