The Early Modern Period

trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting through the 19th century

was a medieval kingdom (c. 1450-1629)

The original five tribes united between 1450 and 1600

The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga

in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1494)

at the time of the arrival of the Europeans to the Western Hemisphere in 1492

After the death of her brother Bohechío in 1500, she became the ruler of Jaragua

was an early-modern African state located in the highlands between the Lukala and Kwanza Rivers

acquired by the Kingdom of England before 1707

a former native chiefdom in Hispaniola's easternmost end when Christopher Columbus arrived

Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; French: [lwi sɛːz]; 23 August 1754 - 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

Infobox: born c. 1478; died 26 June 1541

Infobox: born 1485; died 1547-12-2

Suleiman I (6 November 1494 - 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent, was the Ottoman sultan from 1520 to 1566.

Shah Jahan I (Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram; 5 January 1592 - 22 January 1666), also called Shah Jahan the Magnificent, was the fifth Mughal Emperor from 1628 until his deposition in 1658.

Charles I (19 November 1600 - 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. - 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from February 1685 until he was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.

William III and II (William Henry; Dutch: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 - 8 March 1702), also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672, and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 until his death in 1702.

Infobox: born 30 April 1662 awrap|bracket|NS: 10 May 1662; died 28 December 1694 (aged 32) awrap|bracket|NS: 7 January 1695

Infobox: born c. 1471; died 29 June death year and age|1520|1471

Infobox: born c. 1502; died 26 July 1533

George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] - December 14, 1799) was a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797.

Infobox: born 1743-4-13; died 1826-7-4

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England and Ireland from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547.

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 - 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.

Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705] - April 17, 1790) was an American polymath active as a physicist, philosopher, statesman and inventor who was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 - 1 September 1715), known as the "Sun King", was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715.

Catherine II (born Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 - 17 November 1796), known as Catherine the Great, was Empress of Russia from 9 July 1762 until her death in 1796.

Martin Luther ( LOO-thər; German: [ˈmaʁtiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ; 10 November 1483 - 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Augustinian friar.

Peter I (9 June 1672 - 8 February 1725), known by the epithet the Great, was the tsar of all Russia from 1682 to 1721, and the first emperor of Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725.

Infobox: born c. 1480; died 1521-4-27

Infobox: born c. 1460; died 24 December 1524

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 - 29 November 1780) was the ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position in her own right.

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: Иван IV Васильевич; 25 August 1530 - 28 March [O.S. 18 March] 1584), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584.

Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 - 17 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until his death in 1786.

Alamgir I (Muhi al-Din Muhammad; 3 November 1618 - 3 March 1707), commonly known by the title Aurangzeb, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707.

Oda Nobunaga (織田 信長; [o.da (|) no.bɯ(ꜜ).na.ɡa, -na.ŋa] ; 23 June 1534 - 21 June 1582) was a Japanese samurai and daimyō and one of the leading figures of the Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (born Matsudaira Takechiyo; January 31, 1543 - June 1, 1616) was a Japanese samurai, daimyo and the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣 秀吉; Japanese pronunciation: [to.jo.to.mʲi (|) çi.de(ꜜ).jo.ɕi], 16 February 1537 - 18 September 1598), otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō (木下 藤吉郎) and Hashiba Hideyoshi (羽柴 秀吉), was a Japanese samurai and daimyō (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods, regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.

William the Silent: William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, 1533-1584.

Infobox: born 1470-10-10; died 1520-9-22

Tipu Sultan (Urdu: [ʈiːpuː sʊlt̪aːn], Kannada: [ʈipːu sult̪aːn], Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu; 1 December 1751 - 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore (Tiger of Mysore), was the Sultan of Mysore from 1782 until his death in 1799.

Infobox: born circa 23 April 1564; died 1616-04-23

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 - 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791) was a Classical composer and musician.

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 - 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.

Infobox: born 15 April 1469 (Katak Pooranmashi, according to Sikh tradition); died 22

Infobox: born 1491-10-23; died 1556-7-31

François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (English: LOO-vər-TURE, French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ]; 20 May 1743 - 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ ʒak dɛsalin]; Haitian Creole: Jan-Jak Desalin; 20 September 1758 - 17 October 1806) was the first Haitian Emperor, leader of the Haitian Revolution, and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution.

The Wanli Emperor (4 September 1563 - 18 August 1620), personal name Zhu Yijun, was the 14th emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1572 to 1620.

Infobox: born July 1624; died 13 January 1691 (aged 66)

Handsome Lake (Seneca: Sganyodaiyoʼ or Ganio'dai'io', 1735 - 10 August 1815) was a Seneca religious leader and Hoyaneh of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people.

Vice-Admiral of the White Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (29 September 1758 - 21 October 1805) was a British Royal Navy officer whose leadership, grasp of strategy and unconventional tactics led to multiple decisive British naval victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

Infobox: born 1533; died 1610 (age 77)

Infobox: born c. 1514; died 24 November 1572 awrap|(aged 58 or 59)

Sabbatai Zevi (Hebrew: שַׁבְּתַי צְבִי, romanized: Šabbəṯay Ṣəḇī, August 1, 1626 - c. September 17, 1676), or Shabtai Tzvi, was a former Jewish mystic and rabbi from Smyrna who converted to Islam.

Infobox: born c. 1742; died 1781-5-18

Infobox: born c. 1714/20; died April 20, 1769 (aged 48-55)

Infobox: born 14 July 1496; died 28 February 1525 (aged 28)

Babur (Persian: ببر, Persian: [bɑː.βuɾ]; 14 February 1483 - 26 December 1530; born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in South Asia.

Nader Shah Afshar (born Nadr Qoli; Persian: نادرشاه افشار; 6 August 1698 or 22 October 1688 - 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as the emperor of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion.

Infobox: born between 1736-1761; died May 8 or 14, 1819 (aged 57-83)

Ahmad al-Mansur (Arabic: أبو العباس أحمد المنصور بالله, romanized: Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Manṣūr biʾllāh; 1549 - 25 August 1603), also known as al-Dhahabī (Arabic: الذهبي, lit. 'the Golden') was the Saadi Sultan of Morocco from 1578 to his death in 1603, the sixth and most famous of all rulers of the Saadis.

Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui (Cusco Quechua: Thupa Inka Yupanki, pronounced [ˈtʰupa ˈiŋka juˈpaŋki]), also Topa Inga Yupangui, erroneously translated as "noble Inca accountant" (before 1471 - 1493) was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471-1493) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty.

Infobox: born ; died circa 1603

Abbas I (Persian: عباس یکم, romanized: Abbâs-e Yekom; 27 January 1571 - 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (Persian: عباس بزرگ, romanized: Abbâs-e Bozorg), was the fifth Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629.

Infobox: born c. 1456; died 1542 or 1543 (aged around 85-87)

Infobox: born ; died 1790-7-17

Infobox: born circa 1534; died April 29, death year and age|1557|1534

Infobox: born c. 1750; died 1781-11-13

Mayer Amschel Rothschild (23 February 1743 or 1744 - 19 September 1812; also spelled Anschel) was a German Jewish banker and the founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty, which dominated international finance in Europe between the 1820s and the 1870s.

; born , later known as was the most famous Japanese poet of the Edo period.

Infobox: born 11 November 1484; died 18 July 1566 (aged 81)

Infobox: born c. 1432; died c. 1500

Captain James Cook (7 November 1728 - 14 February 1779) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer, and cartographer who led three voyages of exploration to the Pacific and Southern Oceans between 1768 and 1779.

Wang Shouren (Chinese: 王守仁, 26 October 1472 - 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an (Chinese: 伯安), art name Yangmingzi (traditional Chinese: 陽明子; simplified Chinese: 阳明子), usually referred to as Wang Yangming (traditional Chinese: 王陽明; simplified Chinese: 王阳明), was a Chinese statesman, general, and Neo-Confucian philosopher during the Ming dynasty.

Hatuey (), also Hatüey (; died February 2, 1512), was a Taíno Cacique (chief) of the Hispaniolan cacicazgo of Guanaba (in present-day La Gonave, Haiti). He lived from the late 15th until the early 16th century.

Yi Sun-sin (Korean: 이순신; Hanja: 李舜臣; Korean pronunciation: [i.sʰun.ɕin]; April 28, 1545 - December 16, 1598) was a Korean admiral and military general known for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin War in the Joseon period.

Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1454 - 22 February 1512) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Florence after whom the Americas are named.

Jacques Cartier (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December 1491 - 1 September 1557) was a French maritime explorer from Brittany.

Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 - 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist.

Pope Sixtus V (Italian: Sisto V; 13 December 1521 - 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death in August 1590.

He died due to complications following eye surgery in 1750 at the age of 65.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( sur-VAN-teez, -⁠tiz; Spanish: [miˈɣel de θeɾˈβantes sa(.a)ˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) - 22 April 1616) was a Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.

Infobox: born 1500-2-24; died 1558-9-21

Joseph II (13 March 1741 - 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death.

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 - 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

Charles VI (German: Karl; Latin: Carolus; 1 October 1685 - 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I.

Infobox: born 1640-6-9; died 1705-5-5

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 - 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 - 1 March 1792) was the penultimate Holy Roman Emperor, as well as King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 as Leopold I.

Franz Stephan von Lothringen (1708-1765).

Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (German: Friedrich III, 21 September 1415 - 19 August 1493) was the Holy Roman emperor from 1452 until his death in 1493.

Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 - 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637.

Rudolf II (18 July 1552 - 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572-1608), King of Bohemia (1575-1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576-1608).

Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 - 2 April 1657) was Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1625, King of Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to his death.

Maximilian II (31 July 1527 - 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576.

Joseph I (Joseph Jacob Ignaz Johann Anton Eustachius; 26 July 1678 - 17 April 1711) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 1705 until his death in 1711.

Charles VII (6 August 1697 - 20 January 1745) was elector of Bavaria from 26 February 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 to his death on 20 January 1745.

Matthias (24 February 1557 - 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612 to 1619, Archduke of Austria from 1608 to 1619, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 to 1618 and King of Bohemia from 1611 to 1617.

Infobox: born 3 December 1447 or 1448; died 1512-5-26

Infobox: born 28; died 1574-12-15

Infobox: born 4 July 1546; died 1595-1-16

Infobox: born 26; died 1603-12-22

Infobox: born 1590-04-18; died 1617-11-22

Infobox: born 1601 or 1602; died 20 January 1639 (aged 36-38)

Infobox: born 3 November 1604; died 1622-5-20

Infobox: born 1612-07-27; died 1640-02-08

Ibrahim (; Ottoman Turkish: ابراهيم; Turkish: İbrahim; 13 October 1617 - 18 August 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until his death in 1648.

Infobox: born 1642-01-02; died 1693-01-06

Infobox: born 15 April 1642; died 1691-06-22

Infobox: born 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642; died 1695-2-6

Infobox: born 6 February 1664; died 1703-12-29

Infobox: born 30 December 1673; died 1736-7-1

Infobox: born 2 August 1696; died 1754-12-13

Osman III (Ottoman Turkish: عثمان ثالث Osmān-i sālis;‎ 2 January 1699 - 30 October 1757) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.

Mustafa III (; Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى ثالث Muṣṭafā-yi sālis; 28 January 1717 - 21 January 1774) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774.

Infobox: born 20 March 1725; died 1789-4-7

Infobox: born 24 December 1761; died 1808-7-28

Charles II (29 May 1630 - 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.

Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509), also known as Henry Tudor, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509.

Anne (6 February 1665 - 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707 merging the kingdoms of England and Scotland, until her death in 1714.

Richard III (2 October 1452 - 22 August 1485) was King of England from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485.

George II (George Augustus; German: Georg August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 - 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.

George I (George Louis; German: Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 - 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Electorate of Hanover within the Holy Roman Empire from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727.

Mary I (18 February 1516 - 17 November 1558) was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain as the wife of King Philip II from January 1556 until her death in 1558.

Edward IV (28 April 1442 - 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until he died in 1483.

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 - 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820.

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 - 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603, until his death in 1625.

Edward VI (12 October 1537 - 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553.

Edward V (2 November 1470 - presumably July 1483) was King of England from 9 April to 25 June 1483.

Infobox: born 1630-02-19; died 1680-04-03

Nurhaci (14 May 1559 - 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name Emperor Taizu of Qing, was the founding khan of the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty.

Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 - 21 September 1643), sometimes rendered as Huang Taiji and occasionally referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty.

Infobox: born Gregorian to Julian|18 December 1626; died 1689-4-19

Nur Jahan (Persian: نورجهان, lit. 'Light of the World'; 31 May 1577 - 18 December 1645), born Mehr-un-Nissa, was the twentieth wife and chief consort of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.

Sultana Chand Bibi (1550 - 18 April 1600) was the regent of the Bijapur Sultanate during the minority of Ibrahim Adil Shah II in 1580-1590, and the regent of the Ahmednagar Sultanate during the minority of her great nephew Bahadur Shah in 1595-1600.

Isabella I (Spanish: Isabel I; 22 April 1451 - 26 November 1504), also known as Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Católica), was Queen of Castile and León from 1474 until her death in 1504.

Infobox: born 1709-12-29; died 1762-1-5

The Chongzhen Emperor (6 February 1611 - 25 April 1644), temple name Ming Sizong, personal name Zhu Youjian, courtesy name Deyue, was the 17th and last emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1627 to 1644.

The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 - 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper.

The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 - 7 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.

Durgavati (Bundeli: दुर्गावती) (5 October 1524 - 24 June 1564), popularly known as Rani Durgavati, was the regent queen of Gondwana during the infancy of her son Vir Narayan, from 1550 to 1564.

Infobox: born 1720-1722; died 17 October 1772

Dona Maria I (Maria Francisca Isabel Josefa Antónia Gertrudes Rita Joana; 17 December 1734 - 20 March 1816), also known as Maria the Pious in Portugal and Maria the Mad in Brazil, was Queen of Portugal from 24 February 1777 until her death in 1816.

Taksin the Great or the King of Thonburi (17 April 1734 - 7 April 1782) was a Thai Chinese general who became the only King of Thonburi that ruled Siam from 1767 to 1782.

Infobox: born 27; died 23

The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and

The Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen, pronounced [ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918. It played a significant role in the unification of Germany in 1871 and was a major constituent of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918.

The Duchy of Aquitaine (Occitan: Ducat d'Aquitània, IPA: [dyˈkad dakiˈtanjɔ]; French: Duché d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dyʃe dakitɛn]) was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the river Loire.

The Commonwealth of England, enlarged in 1653 as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, was the political structure during the period

Great Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706

The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a country that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

The Asante Empire (Asante Twi: Asanteman), also known as the Ashanti Empire, was an Akan state that lasted from 1701 to 1902, in what is now modern-day Ghana. It expanded from the Ashanti Region to include most of Ghana and also parts of Ivory Coast and Togo.

The Kingdom of Dahomey (; Fon: Danhɔmɛ, lit. 'In the Belly of Chief Dan') was a West African kingdom located within the present-day Republic of Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904.

Wallachia is a geographical region of modern-day Romania, as well as one of the two historical Romanian principalities that laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern Romanian state.

The Timurid Empire was a late medieval Turco-Mongol, culturally Persianate, Muslim empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century,

The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysuru.

Jhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the state under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse, and renamed it the Jhansi State.

The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery.

The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries, with Cairo as its capital.

The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.

The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.

The Republic of Florence (Old Italian: Republica di Fiorenza; contemporary Italian: Repubblica di Firenze), also known as the Florentine Republic (Latin: Res publica Florentina; Old Italian: Republica Fiorentina; contemporary Italian: Repubblica Fiorentina [reˈpubblika fjorenˈtiːna]), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany.

The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.

The Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгородская республика, romanized: Novgorodskaya respublika), formally known as Lord Novgorod the Great, was a city-state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northwestern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.

The Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.

The Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo: Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Portuguese: Reino do Congo; Latin: Regnum Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa. It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.

The Golden Horde, or Ulus of Jochi, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (lit. 'Great State' in Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire.

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania.

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland-Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (), was a federative real union between the

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The Catholic kingdom emerged as a

The Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: České království), or just Bohemia (Czech: Čechy) sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

The Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae; Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia; Italian: Regno di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.

The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a kingdom in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.

Joseon (English: CHOH-sun; Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; also romanized as Chosun), officially Great Joseon State (대조선국; 大朝鮮國), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897.

The Rozvi Empire (c. 16831866) was a Shona state established by Changamire Dombo on the Zimbabwean Plateau. The term "Rozvi" refers to their legacy

The Kingdom of Loango was a state created by Kongo people during approximately the 16th to 19th centuries in what is now the western part of the Republic of the Congo, Southern Gabon and Cabinda.

The Kingdom of Rwanda (also known as the Nyiginya Kingdom or Nyginya Dynasty) was a Bantu kingdom in modern-day Rwanda which grew to be ruled by a Tutsi monarchy.

The Kingdom of Burundi (French: Royaume du Burundi), also known as Kingdom of Urundi (Kirundi: Ubwami bw'Urundi), was a Bantu kingdom in the modern-day Republic of Burundi. The Ganwa monarchs (with the title of mwami) ruled over both Hutus and Tutsis.

The Kingdom of Imerina (Malagasy: Fanjakan'Imerina; c. 1540-1897), also known as the Kingdom of Madagascar or the Kingdom of Merina, was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 18th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar.

The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn (alt.

The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia.

The Kilwa Sultanate was a sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day, Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast.

The Jolof Empire (Arabic: امبراطورية جولوف), also known as Great Jolof or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof state in modern-day Senegal, that ruled portions of Mauritania and Gambia from the mid-14th century (or possibly earlier) until 1549.

Kaabu (1537-1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was a federation of Mandinka kingdoms in the Senegambia region centered within modern

The Khanate of Bukhara was an Uzbek monarchy in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Shaybanid dynasty, a branch of the Abu'l-Khayrids.

The Khanate of Khiva (Chagatay: خیوه خانلیگی, romanized: Khivâ Khânligi, Persian: خانات خیوه, romanized: Khânât-e Khiveh, Uzbek: Xiva xonligi, Хива хонлиги, Turkmen: Hywa hanlygy, Russian: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoye khanstvo) was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746.

The Khanate of Kokand (Persian: خان‌نشین خوقند, Chagatay: خوقند خانليغى) was an early modern state in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia. At its peak, it stretched from the Ulu Tau mountains in the north, Sariqol in the south, Aq Masjid in the west, and Karakol in the east.

Majapahit (Javanese: ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀, romanized: Måjåpahit; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (Javanese: ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta], Sanskrit: विल्वतिक्त, romanized: vilvatikta), was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand.

Lan Xang (Lao: ລ້ານຊ້າງ, pronounced [lâːn sâːŋ]), also spelled Lan Sang, was a Lao kingdom that held the area of present-day Laos from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia.

The Malacca Sultanate (; Jawi script: ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis

The Konbaung dynasty (Burmese: ကုန်းဘောင်မင်းဆက်), also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885.

Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor or Chimú Empire) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈmu]). The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the Moche culture, and was later conquered by the Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region.

Muisca Confederations were loose confederations of different Muisca chiefdoms in the Eastern Andean highlands of what is today Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.

The Cayor Kingdom (Wolof: Kajoor; Arabic: كاجور) was from 1549 to 1886 the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal.

Baol or Bawol was a kingdom in what is now central Senegal.

Waalo (Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean.

Ankole (Nkore before the colonial era) was a traditional Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward.

The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that encompassed the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria from 1438 until 1552. The khanate covered

The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde.

The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state established by Hacı I Giray existing from 1441 to 1783.

The Khanate of Sibir (Siberian Tatar: Себер ҡанныҡ, romanized: Seber qannïq; Russian: Сибирское ханство, Сибирский юрт, romanized: Sibirskoye khanstvo, Sibirsky yurt) was a Siberian Tatar state in western Siberia. It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde.

The Nogai Horde (also spelled Nogay) was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.

The Toungoo dynasty (Burmese: တောင်ငူမင်းဆက်, [tàʊɰ̃ŋù mɪ́ɰ̃ zɛʔ]), also spelt Taungoo dynasty and also known as the Nyaungyan dynasty (ညောင်ရမ်းမင်းဆက်) after 1599, was the ruling dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from the mid-16th century to 1752.

The Purépecha Empire, also known as the Kingdom of Tzintzuntzan (Purépecha: Ts'intsúntsani Iréchikwa, [tsʰin'd͡zund͡zani̥ i'ɾet͡ʃikʷa]), was a polity

The Sultanate of the Maldive Islands was an Islamic monarchy that controlled the Maldives for over eight centuries (1153-1968), with one interruption from 1953-1954.

The Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in AD.

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular, آغ‌قویونلولار; Persian: آق‌ قویونلو) was a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim tribal confederation.

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (, ; ), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Muslim dynasty that ruled

The Karamanids (Turkish: Karamanoğulları or Karamanoğulları Beyliği), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman (Turkish: Karamanoğulları Beyliği), was a Turkish Anatolian beylik (principality) of Salur tribe origin, descended from Oghuz Turks, centered in south-central Anatolia around present-day Karaman Province.

The Imamate of Futa Jallon or Jalon (Arabic: إمامة فوتة جالون; Pular: Fuuta Jaloo or Fuuta Jalon فُوتَ جَلࣾو, 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅), sometimes referred to as the Emirate of Timbo, was a West African Islamic state based in the Fouta Djallon highlands of modern Guinea.

The Imamate of Futa Toro (Arabic: إمامة فوتة تورو; Fula: Imaama Futa Toro; French: Imamat de Futa Toro) was a West African theocratic monarchy of the Fula-speaking people (Fulɓe and Toucouleurs) in the middle valley of the Senegal River, in the region known as Futa Toro.

The Warsangali Sultanate (Somali: Saldanadda Warsangeli) (Arabic: سلطنة الورسنجلي‎‎), was a Somali state established in the 17th century in the Maakhir region during the early modern period by militarized Garaads (Lords) of the Maakhir coast and the Cal-Madow Mountains.

The Dzungar Khanate, also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate was the last nomadic empire of Oirat origin.

The Lan Na Kingdom, also spelled Lanna, was a kingdom centered in present-day Northern Thailand which existed from the 13th to

The Ahom kingdom (English: /ˈɑːhɔːm/, Assamese: [aɦʊm]), or Kingdom of Assam, was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley. It is conventionally dated from 1228 to 1826, although the chronology of its foundation is disputed.

The Gajapati Empire was a medieval powerful Hindu monarchy in the Indian subcontinent, originally from the region of Odisha that reigned from c.1434 to 1541. At its peak, it ruled parts of modern-day West Bengal to Tiruchirappalli (modern-day Tamil Nadu).

The Sultanate of Sulu (Tausug: Kasultanan sin Sūg; Central Sama: Kasultanan Sūg or Kasultanan Sūk; Malay: Kesultanan Suluk; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Sulu or Sultanato ng Sulu) was a Sunni Muslim Tausūg state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga City, and certain portions of Palawan in today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah and North Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo.

The Pandya dynasty (Tamil: [paːɳɖijɐr]), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.

The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnāta Empire, was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of Southern India.

The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe.

The Grand Principality of Moscow, before 1389 the Principality of Moscow, also known by the exonym Muscovy, was a late medieval Russian monarchy.

The Pskov Republic (Russian: Псковская республика, romanized: Pskovskaya respublika), formally known as Lord Pskov (Russian: Господин Псков), was a city-state in northwestern Russia. Its capital city was Pskov and its territory was roughly equivalent to modern-day Pskov Oblast.

The Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Kazakh Khanates or Qazaq Khanate was a nomadic state in Central Asia that existed from c. 1465 to the early 19th century.

The Principality of Polotsk (obsolete spelling: Polock; Belarusian: По́лацкае кня́ства, romanized: Połackaje kniastva; Latin: Polocensis Ducatus), also known as the Duchy of Polotsk or Polotskian Rus', was a medieval principality.

The Principality of Smolensk, also known as the Grand Principality of Smolensk, was a Russian principality with its capital in Smolensk.

The Principality of Tver (Russian: Тверское княжество, romanized: Tverskoye knyazhestvo) was a Russian principality which existed between the 13th and the 15th centuries with its capital in Tver.

The Crown of Aragon (US: ) was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession.

The Kingdom of Tahiti or the Tahitian Kingdom was a Polynesian monarchy founded by paramount chief Pōmare I, who, with the aid of British missionaries and traders, and European weaponry, unified the islands of Tahiti, Moʼorea, Tetiʻaroa, and Mehetiʻa.

The Republic of Siena (Italian: Repubblica di Siena, Latin: Respublica Senensis) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and southern Tuscany, Central Italy. It existed for over 400 years, from 1125 to 1555.

The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was an English colony on the eastern coast of North America, founded in 1636 on former land of

The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in New England which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States.

The Province of New Hampshire was an English colony and later a British province in New England.

The Connecticut Colony, originally known as the Connecticut River Colony, was an English colony in New England which became the state of Connecticut.

The Province of New York was a British proprietary colony and later a royal colony on the northeast coast of North America from 1664 to 1783. It

The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became the U.S.

The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as the Pennsylvania Colony, was a British colony situated on the Mid-Atlantic seaboard of North America.

The Lower Counties on the Delaware was a semi-autonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania in North America.

The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America from 1634 until 1776, when the province was one of the Thirteen Colonies that joined in supporting the American Revolution against Great Britain.

The Colony of Virginia was a British colonial settlement in North America from 1606 to 1776. The first effort to create an English settlement in the

The Province of North Carolina, originally known as the Albemarle Settlements, was a proprietary colony and later crown colony of Great Britain that

The Province of South Carolina, originally known as Clarendon Province, was a province of the Kingdom of Great Britain that existed in North America

The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern Colonies in colonial-era British America.

The Portuguese Empire was the first and longest lasting of the European colonial empires.

The Omani Empire (Arabic: الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة) was a maritime empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for trade and influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. After rising as a regional power in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Cape Delgado in what is now Mozambique.

Danish overseas colonies and Dano-Norwegian colonies (Danish: De danske kolonier) were the colonies that Denmark-Norway (Denmark after 1814) possessed from 1537 until 1953.

Sweden controlled a number of colonies outside Europe between 1638 and 1878.

The Genoese colonies were a series of economic and trade posts in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Russian colonization of North America describes colonies and territories claimed by the Russian Empire in the Pacific Coast region of North America

The French colonial empire (French: Empire colonial français) consisted of the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

The Dutch colonial empire () comprised overseas territories and trading posts under some form of Dutch control from the early 17th to late 20th

The Qing dynasty ruled over the island of Taiwan from 1683 to 1895. The Qing dynasty sent an army led by General Shi Lang to defeat the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning in 1683. Taiwan was then formally annexed in April 1684.

The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires.

The treaty was drafted on November 30, 1782, and signed at the Hôtel d'York at present-day 56 Rue Jacob in Paris on September 3, 1783, by Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Hartley.

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517

The final draft of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was completed on November 15, 1777.

The drafting of the Constitution by many of the nation's Founding Fathers, often referred to as its framing, was completed at the Constitutional Convention, which assembled at Independence Hall in Philadelphia between May 25 and September 17, 1787.

But on June 30, the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached, and would not convene again until July 10. On June 11, 1776, Congress appointed the Committee of Five to draft a declaration, including John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R.

Infobox date: 1765

The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio and also known a

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.

The 1763 treaty states in Article VII: VII.

The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes) was an edict signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France that granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.

Under the Passau document, Charles granted a peace only until the next imperial Diet, whose meeting was called in early 1555.

It was concluded between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire on 10 September [O.S. 30 August] 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad (Uusikaupunki, in the south-west of present-day Finland).

Qing troops with a size of 3,000 to 15,000 soldiers under the command of Songgotu left Peking on June 1689 and arrived in July.

After negotiations ended in July 1706, the acts had to be ratified by both Parliaments.

Common Sense is a 47-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775-1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies.

The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697.

The Treaty of Karlowitz, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683-1699, in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta, was signed in Karlowitz (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), in the Military Frontier of the Habsburg Monarchy, on 26 January 1699.

The Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza or Saragossa, was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III of Portugal and the Habsburg Emperor Charles V in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza.

Infobox date: 1689

This patent was used prior to 1701 but did not prevent Charles I from removing Sir John Walter as Chief Baron of the Exchequer.

The Virginia Declaration of Rights was drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government.

Approved on 3 November 1627, the court ordered the five be brought before them for examination.

Infobox date: 1679

The Instrument of Government was adopted by the Council of Officers on 15 December 1653 and Oliver Cromwell was installed as the first Lord Protector on the following day.

The Composition of Connacht, or Composition of Connaught and Thomond, was a 1585 agreement between, on the one hand, the Gaelic and Gaelicised chiefs

The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence was a scientific, theological and philosophical debate conducted in an exchange of letters between the German thinke

Camarão Indians' letters (), also known as Tupi letters from Camarão Indians (), are a series of six letters exchanged between Potiguara Indians durin

The Concordat of Bologna (1516) was an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that Francis negotiated in the wake of his victory a

' is an apostolic constitution in the form of a papal bull promulgated by Pope Innocent X in 1653 which condemned five propositions said to have been

The correspondence between John III of Sweden and Ivan IV of Russia, exchanged in 1572 and 1573 have a unique character and reveal an irreconcilable h

The Lisle Papers are the correspondence received in Calais between 1533 and 1540 by Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle (c.1480-1542), Lord Deputy

The English Civil War or Great Rebellion was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom o

The Glorious Revolution was the deposition of King James II in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, James's n

The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Mexico (Spanish: Conquista española del Imperio azteca), was a pivotal event t

The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru (Spanish: Conquista española del Imperio incaico), was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas (the broader European colonization of the Americas).

The 1529 siege of Vienna was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna in the Archduchy of Austria, part of the Holy Roman

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms is the collective term for a series of conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in England, Scotland, and Ireland, then s

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 - September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence or simply the American Revolution, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and, commanded by George Washington, defeated the British Army.

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (c. 1566/1568-1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.

The War of the Austrian Succession, 1740 to 1748, was a conflict between the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe, the Atlantic Ocean and

on his arrival in India in May 1498, bearing the arms of Portugal and the Cross of the Order of Christ, sponsors of the expansion movement initiated b

The First Fleet were eleven British ships which transported a group of settlers to mainland Australia, marking the beginning of the British (and Europ

The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch col

The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526 was fought between the invading forces of Babur against Ibrahim Khan Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, in North

The transition from Ming to Qing, also known as the Manchu conquest of China or Ming-Qing transition, was a decades-long period of conflict between th

The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai) was an important battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period.

The American Revolution (1765-1789) was a political movement in the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain. It began as a rebellion and turned into a revo

Shays's Rebellion was an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to t

The Restoration War between Portugal and Spain began in 1641 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union.

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began on 23 October 1641. Initiated by Irish gentry and military officers, the rebellion sought to end English domination

The Magellan expedition, sometimes termed the Magellan-Elcano expedition, was a 16th-century Spanish expedition planned and initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed by the Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano which resulted in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

The Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or "on this side of the lighthouse", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1302).

was part of the early modern period and overlapped with the Age of Sail.

Elizabeth I of England approved its initial charter on 11 September 1592.

He died in 1722 at the age of 68 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the Yongzheng Emperor.

The first seventy-seven of these essays were published serially in the Independent Journal, the New York Packet, and the Daily Advertiser between October 1787 and April 1788.

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599-3 September 1658) was an English statesman and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in British history.

The earliest documented mention of a Kebbi ruler is to be found in Al-Sa'di's Ta'rïkh al-Südän where it is related that in the year 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, ruler of Leka, revolted against the dendi fari ("governor of the eastern front", a provincial governor), and established his independence which lasted until the downfall of the Songhay empire.