Classical Antiquity

led a failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61

from 690 to 664 BC

who lived during the fifth century BC

was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 75 to 88

(15 June 28-5 September 75 AD)

who reigned in the early 1st century AD

from mid to late 1st century BCE

was the bishop of Rome from c. 68 to his death in 80

(September 23, 63 B.C.E., 14 C.E.)

(December 15, 37 C.E., June 9, 68 C.E.)

ruling from 37 C.E. to 41 C.E.

used to denote that part of the world under Roman rule from approximately 44 B.C.E. until 476 C.E.

the tablets date to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD

beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC)

united the Gauls in a failed revolt against Rome during the Gallic Wars (58-50 BC)

15 January 5 BC - 29 March AD 57

91 BC - 10 January 48 BC

who ruled for three years after commanding a rebellion in AD 40 against the first Chinese domination of Vietnam

the Holy See was founded in the first century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul

subsequent reappraisals have pushed the date of the fragments back to about 150-100 BCE

is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD

Infobox: born 247 BC; died 183-181 BC (aged between 64-66)

Infobox: born 236 or 235 BC; died c. 183 BC

Qin Shi Huang (February 259 - 12 July 210 BC) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of China (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì).

Infobox: born c. 304 BCE; died 232 BCE (aged 72)

Infobox: born c. 518 BC; died 465 BC

Infobox: born circa 642 BC; died 7 October 562 BC (aged circa 79/80)

Infobox: born c. 550 BCE; died October 486 BCE

Infobox: born possibly c. 350-340 BCE; died after circa 297 BCE

Infobox: born abbr|trad.|traditionally 6th century BC, sometimes dated 4th century BC; died trad. 5th century BC

Infobox: born c. 551 BCE; died c. lk=no|479 BCE (aged 71-72)

Infobox: born c. 287nbspBC; died c. 212nbspBC

Infobox: born c. 103 BC; died 71 BC (aged 32)

Infobox: born circa 350-370 AD; died March 415 AD (aged 45-65)

He died there a year later, in 139.

Infobox: born circa 685 BC; died 631 BC

Infobox: born c. 599 BCE (traditional); died 527 BCE (Śvetāmbara trad. dating), 510 BCE (Digambara trad. dating)

Infobox: born c. April AD 216; died 2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277 (aged 57-58 or 60-61)

Infobox: born c. 563 or 480 BCE; died c. 483 or 400 BCE (aged 80)sfnp|Cousins|1996|Norman|1997|p=33sfnp|Prebish|200

Infobox: born 121-4-26; died 180-3-17

Trajan ( TRAY-jən; born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 18 September 53 - c. 9 August 117) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

Hadrian ( HAY-dree-ən; born Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 24 January 76 - 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.

Infobox: born 23 December c. 242-243sfnm|1a1=Barnes|1y=1982|1pp=30, 46|2a1=CAH|2p=68; died 3 December 311/312 (aged c.|68)

Infobox: born ; died July 522 BC

Infobox: born 374; died death year and age|412|374

It is thought that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.

Infobox: born c. 150 CE; died c. 250 CE

The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544-496 BC.

Infobox: born circa 350 BC; died

Infobox: born 115 BC; died June 53 BC (aged 61-62)

Infobox: born 280; died 12 April 352

Infobox: born Greece, Roman Empire; died 258-8-6

Infobox: born ; died 199

Infobox: born c. 305; died 11 December 384

Infobox: born ; died circa 108

Pope Sylvester I (also Silvester, before 284 - 31 December 335) was the bishop of Rome from 31 January 314 until his death on 31 December 335.

Infobox: born ; died circa 119

Pope Fabian (Latin: Fabianus) was the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church from 10 January 236 until his death on 20 January 250, succeeding Anterus.

Infobox: born c. late 1st century; died c. 154

Infobox: born ; died 222

Pope Pontian (Latin: Pontianus; died October 235) was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 230 to 28 September 235.

Pope Miltiades (Ancient Greek: Μιλτιάδης, Miltiádēs), also known as Melchiades the African (Μελχιάδης ὁ Ἀφρικανός Melkhiádēs ho Aphrikanós), was the bishop of Rome from 311 to his death on 10 or 11 January 314.

Infobox: born 42; died 125 (aged c. 82snd83)

Pope Liberius (310 - 24 September 366) was the bishop of Rome from 17 May 352 until his death on 24 September 366.

Infobox: born ; died c. 137

Pope Zephyrinus was the bishop of Rome from the year 199 until his death on 20 December 217.

Infobox: born 175?; died 23 May 230

Infobox: born late 1st century; died April 168

Infobox: born ; died 142

Infobox: born ; died 24 May 189

Cornelius was exiled to Centumcellae, Italy, where he died in June 253.

Pope Dionysius (Greek: Διονύσιος) was the Bishop of Rome from 22 July 259 to 26 December 268.

Pope Innocent I (Latin: Innocentius I) was the bishop of Rome from 401 to his death on 12 March 417.

Infobox: born unknown date; died 304

Pope Stephen I (Greek: Στέφανος Α΄ Latin: Stephanus I; died 2 August 257) was the Bishop of Rome from 12 May 254 to his death on 2 August 257.

Pope Zosimus was the bishop of Rome from 18 March 417 to his death on 26 December 418.

Infobox: born ; died c. 174

Pope Caius (died 22 April 296), also called Gaius, was the bishop of Rome from 17 December 283 to his death in 296.

Infobox: born ; died 3 January 236

Eusebius died in exile in Sicily on 21 October 310 N.S. and was buried in the catacomb of Callixtus.

Pope Felix I (died 30 December 274) was the bishop of Rome from 5 January 269 to his death on 30 December 274.

Pope Mark (Latin: Marcus) was the bishop of Rome from 18 January to his death on 7 October 336.

Pope Lucius I (died 5 March 254) was the bishop of Rome from 25 June 253 to his death on 5 March 254.

Pope Anastasius I was the bishop of Rome from 27 November 399 to his death on 19 December 401.

Pope Eutychian, also called Eutychianus (Greek: Ευτυχιανός, romanized: Eutychianos), was the bishop of Rome from 4 January 275 to his death on 7 December 283.

Pope Marcellus I (Italian: Marcello I) (6 January 255 - 16 January 309) was the bishop of Rome from May or June 308 to his death on 16 January 309.

Infobox: born 334; died 399-11-26

Infobox: born ; died Circa 100

Emperor Gaozu of Han (256 or 247 - 1 June 195 BC), personal name Liu Bang, was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty.

Infobox: born c. 155; died 220-3-15

Cao Pi () (c.late 187 - 29 June 226), courtesy name Zihuan, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Liu Bei (Chinese: 劉備, ; Mandarin pronunciation: [ljǒʊ pêɪ]; 161 - 10 June 223 AD), courtesy name Xuande (玄德), was a Chinese warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who later became the founding emperor of Shu Han, one of the Three Kingdoms of China.

Infobox: born 182 AD; died 252-5-21

Infobox: born 236; died 290-5-16

Infobox: born ; died c.|520s BC

Infobox: born 241 BC; died 18 August 180 BC (aged 60-61)

Pope Boniface I (Latin: Bonifatius I; 4 September 422) was the bishop of Rome from 28 December 418 to his death on 4 September 422.

Infobox: born c. 359; died 27 July 432

Pope Saint Sixtus III, also called Xystus III, was the bishop of Rome from 31 July 432 to his death on 18 August 440.

Infobox: born circa 391; died 10 November 461 (aged 69-70)

Infobox: born After 395; died 29 February 468

Emperor Wen of Han (Chinese: 漢文帝; 203/02 - 6 July 157 BC), personal name Liu Heng (劉恆), was the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty from 180 until his death in 157 BC.

Emperor Jing of Han (188 BC - 9 March 141 BC), born Liu Qi, was the sixth emperor of the Han dynasty from 157 to 141 BC.

Infobox: born 132; died 25 January death year and age|168|132

Infobox: born 156; died 189-5-13

Infobox: born 2 April 181sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=554; died 234-4-21

Infobox: born 169; died 269 (aged 100) (Kojiki)

Infobox: born ; died c. 247 or 248

Infobox: born c. 745nbspBC; died 20 October 681nbspBC (aged c. lk=no|63/64)

Infobox: born c. 215 BC; died November/December 164 BC (aged 50-51)

Roman historians dated the city's foundation to between 758 and 728 BC, and Plutarch reports the calculation of Varro's friend Tarutius that 771 BC was the birth year of Romulus and his twin.

Infobox: born circa 620-615 BC; died Possibly after 522 BC

The Kingdom of Kush, also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.

The Qin dynasty ( ) was the first imperial dynasty of China. It is named for its progenitor state of Qin, a fief of the confederal Zhou dynasty (, 256

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.

The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩, romanized: Ērānšahr, lit. 'Empire of the Iranians'), was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD (the era of late antiquity).

The Zhou dynasty ( JOH; Chinese: 周; pinyin: Zhōu, pronunciation: [ʈʂóʊ]) was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 790 years from c. 1046 BC until 256 BC, the longest span of any dynasty in Chinese history.

The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to ancient Mesopotamia.

The Seleucid Empire ( sih-LEW-sid) was a Greek state in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. It was founded by the Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, following the division of Alexander the Great's Empire, and was ruled by the Seleucid dynasty from Seleucia and later Antioch until its annexation by the Roman Republic under Pompey in 63 BC.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (; Koine Greek: Πτολεμαϊκὴ βασιλεία, Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. It was founded in 305 BC by the Macedonian Greek general Ptolemy I Soter, a companion of Alexander the Great, and was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty until the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC.

The Parthian Empire (), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to

Media (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭, romanized: Māda; Ancient Greek: Μηδία, romanized: Mēdía; Akkadian: Mādāya) was a polity centered in Ecbatana that existed from the 7th century BCE until the mid-6th century BCE, and is believed to have dominated a significant portion of the Iranian plateau, preceding the powerful Achaemenid Empire.

Champa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam from

The Pandya dynasty (Tamil: [paːɳɖijɐr]), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.

The Pallava dynasty ruled from 275 to 897 in southern India, including a significant portion of the Deccan and Tondaimandalam.

Funan was a loose network of ancient Indianized states (mandalas) located in Mainland Southeast Asia, covering parts of present-day Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, that existed from the 1st to the 7th century CE.

, one of the steepest theatres in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century

Pontus (Ancient Greek: Πόντος Pontos, sea) was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus, in northern Anatolia, on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Ancient Greek: Εύξεινος Πόντος, literally meaning "hospitable sea").

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (Greek: Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς, romanized: Basileía tês Baktrianês, lit. 'Kingdom of Bactria') was a Greek kingdom during the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia and Afghanistan. The kingdom was founded by the Seleucid satrap Diodotus I Soter in about 256 BC, and continued to dominate Central Asia while ruled by the Euthydemid and Eucratid dynasties, until its fall around 120 BC.

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom, were Hellenistic-era Greek kingdoms in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent covering most of modern-day Pakistan, parts of northwestern India and some eastern parts of Afghanistan.

Cappadocia (Greek: Καππαδοκία) was a Hellenistic-era Iranian kingdom centered in the historical region of Cappadocia in Asia Minor (present-day central Turkey).

Epirus (; Epirote Greek: Ἄπειρος, Ápeiros; Attic Greek: Ἤπειρος, Ḗpeiros) was an ancient Greek kingdom, and later republic, located in the geographical region of Epirus, in parts of north-western Greece and southern Albania.

in the early 1st century AD with Commagene as a Roman client state

The Kingdom of Greater Armenia or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք Mets Hayk; Latin: Armenia Maior), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire under Tigranes II, was an Armenian kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

The Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, and a barbarian kingdom established under Gaiseric (or Genseric), a Vandalic warlord.

The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Latin: Regnum Gothorum) was a barbarian kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th century.

Wei (Chinese: 魏), also known as Cao Wei (曹魏) or Former Wei, was one of the major dynastic states in China during the Three Kingdoms period. The state was established in 220 AD by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dynasty.

Han (漢; 221-263 AD), known in historiography as Shu Han (蜀漢 [ʂù xân] ) or Ji Han (季漢 "Junior Han"), or often shortened to Shu (Chinese: 蜀; pinyin: Shǔ; Sichuanese Pinyin: Su2 < Middle Chinese: *źjowk < Eastern Han Chinese: *dźok), was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period.

Wu (Chinese: 吳; pinyin: Wú; Middle Chinese *ŋuo < Eastern Han Chinese: *ŋuɑ), known in historiography as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China during the Three Kingdoms period.

The Jin dynasty or the Jin Empire, officially Jin, sometimes distinguished as the Sima Jin or the Two Jins, was an imperial dynasty in China that existed from 266 to 420 CE.

The Twelve Tables (Latin: Lex Duodecim Tabularum) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Formally promulgated in 449 BC, the Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.

The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, attributed to Emp

The Edict of Milan (Latin: Edictum Mediolanense; Greek: Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn) was the 13 February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.

Infobox date: 555-540 BC

The Periplus of the Euxine Sea (Koine Greek: Περίπλους τοῦ Εὐξείνου Πόντου, Períplous toû Euxeínou Póntou, Latin: Periplus Ponti Euxini) is a periplus or guidebook detailing the destinations visitors would encounter when traveling about the shore of the Black Sea (known to the Greeks as the Euxine, or Hospitable, Sea).

The Nabonidus Chronicle is an ancient Babylonian text, part of a larger series of Babylonian Chronicles inscribed in cuneiform script on clay tablets.

Infobox date: circa 590 BC

The Chronograph of 354 is a compilation of chronological and calendrical texts produced in 354 AD for a wealthy Roman Christian named Valentinus by th

Qin's wars of unification (c. 230 - 221 BC) were a series of military campaigns launched in the late 3rd century BC by the state of Qin against the other six states remaining in China - Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi.

The Battle of Adrianople, also known as Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between the Eastern Roman army led by the Roman emperor Valens and Gothic

The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-136 AD), also known as the Bar Kokhba War, the War of Betar, and the Third (or Second) Jewish-Roman War, was the last and m

Jerusalem was besieged from 589-587 BC, marking the final phase of Judah's revolts against Babylon.

The Greco-Persian Wars, also called the Persian Wars, were a series of armed conflicts involving various Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire from 499 BC to 449 BC.

The Peloponnesian War was fought in the Eastern Mediterranean between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League from 431 to 404 BC for hegemony over Ancient Greece.

Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March), 44 BC, by a group of senators during a Senate session at the Curia of Pompey, located within the Theatre of Pompey in Rome.

The Kalinga War (ended c. 261 BCE) was fought in ancient India between the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka the Great and Kalinga, an independent feudal kingdom located on the east coast, in the present-day state of Odisha and northern parts of Andhra Pradesh.

The First Jewish-Roman War (66-73/74 CE), also known as the War of Destruction, the Great Jewish Revolt, the First Jewish Revolt, or the Jewish War, was the first of three major Jewish rebellions against the Roman Empire.

The Hasmonean dynasty (; Ḥašmōnāʾīm; ) was the Jewish ruling dynasty of Judea during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BC to 37 BC.

The Kingdom of Bithynia (Ancient Greek: Βιθυνία) was a Hellenistic kingdom centred in the historical region of Bithynia, in northwest Anatolia, which seems to have been established in the 4th century BC.

Macedonia ( MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía), also called Macedon ( MASS-ih-don), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.

the Hellenistic period covers the time in Greek, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history following Classical Greece.

The first of the Northern dynasties, it ruled northern China from 386 to 535 AD during the period of the Northern and Southern dynasties.

It is thought that the stele was inscribed during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which ruled from 332 to 31 BC.

She personally commanded ships at the naval battle of Artemisium and at the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BC.

It is now generally accepted that he spent his career in Alexandria and lived around 300 BC, after Plato's students and before Archimedes.

Emperor Wu of Han (156-29 March 87 BC) (Chinese: 漢武帝; pinyin: Hàn Wŭdì), personal name Liu Che (Chinese: 劉徹; pinyin: Liú Chè) and courtesy name Tong (Chinese: 通; pinyin: Tōng), was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty from 141 to 87 BC.

The 2012 Annuario Pontificio states, "For the first two centuries, the dates of the start and the end of the pontificate are uncertain", before placing Anacletus' pontificate from 80 to 92.

Aksum continued to expand under the reign of Gedara (c. 200-230), who was the first king to be involved in South Arabian affairs.

Piye (also interpreted as Pānkhi, Piankhy, Paiānkhi, Piānkhi, or Paānkhi) was an ancient Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled Egypt during 744-714 BC.

However, the majority of scholars agree that it was composed sometime between 200 BCE and 200 CE.