Home›Historical Figures›Era›The Late Modern PeriodEraThe Late Modern PeriodAlso Known As The Long Nineteenth Century Historian Eric Hobsbawm's well-known The Long Nineteenth Century runs 1789 to 1914 specifically, narrower than this atlas's late-modern-period span of 1789 to 1945; the term is carried here as a widely used alias for the era's first, and better-known, portion.The Long Nineteenth CenturyReference and ClassificationDevelopingThe late modern period runs conventionally from the French Revolution of 1789 to the end of the Second World War in 1945, roughly a century and a half that saw the political order of the Atlantic world remade by revolution, the economic and social transformation of the Industrial Revolution, the rise and competition of European colonial empires across most of the globe, and finally two world wars whose scale and destructiveness had no precedent in human history. The French Revolution overturned the French monarchy and spread ideas of popular sovereignty, nationalism and citizenship across Europe, while the Industrial Revolution, beginning in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century, shifted economies from agriculture and handcraft toward mechanized factory production, reshaping where and how most people lived and worked. By the period's end, European and, increasingly, American and Japanese industrial and military power had projected itself across nearly the entire globe through colonialism, and the two world wars of the twentieth century, fought substantially over the resulting imperial and industrial rivalries, killed tens of millions of people and redrew the political map of the world.FactsThe Late Modern PeriodConnectionsIn the Other AtlasesSourcesDissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)Take a Related QuizComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsStart YearWell-attested1789 1Geographic ScopeWell-attestedGlobal in reach by the era's own logic, since European, and later American and Japanese, industrial and imperial power extended into nearly every region during this period through colonialism and trade. The periodization itself, and the events conventionally used to mark its boundaries, the French Revolution and the end of the Second World War, remain centered on European and, increasingly, global great-power history rather than on developments internal to the colonized regions themselves. 1DisputedEnd YearScholarly debate1945 21945, the end of the Second World War, is the most common boundary, though some historians prefer 1914, the outbreak of the First World War, as the true close of the long nineteenth century, treating 1914 to 1945 as a distinct era of crisis in its own right.The Late Modern PeriodFilter Results164 entriesRoleAllAmerican abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer (1)American business magnate in railroads and shipping (1)American college football player, coach, and sports writer (1)American industrialist, financier, and art patron (1)American newspaper publisher and politician (1)Composer, conductor, and pianist (1)Emperor of Ethiopia, 1930 to 1974 (1)Humanitarian, businessman and co-founder of the Red Cross (1)Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and politician (1)Indian social reformer and writer (1)King of Bavaria (1)King of Bavaria, reigned 1864 to 1886 (1)Novelist, short story writer and philosopher (1)Poet, playwright, novelist and polymath (1)President of the Republic of the Rif (1)Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist (1)Shawnee chief and warrior (1)Social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman (1)Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1)Lived Era (Birth to Death)All1749 to 1832 (1)1759 to 1833 (1)1768 to 1813 (1)1768 to 1835 (1)1769 to 1821 (1)1770 to 1827 (1)1770 to 1843 (1)1772 to 1833 (1)1773 to 1859 (1)1778 to 1843 (1)1778 to 1861 (1)1784 to 1817 (1)1786 to 1868 (1)1788 to 1812 (1)1788 to 1850 (1)1791 to 1847 (1)1793 to 1828 (1)1794 to 1877 (1)1797 to 1883 (1)1798 to 1834 (1)1800 to 1831 (1)1802 to 1885 (1)1805 to 1879 (1)1806 to 1872 (1)1807 to 1870 (1)1809 to 1884 (1)1813 to 1873 (1)1817 to 1892 (1)1818 to 1868 (1)1818 to 1895 (1)1819 to 1901 (1)1821 to 1881 (1)1822 to 1885 (1)1822 to 1909 (1)1823 to 1861 (1)1826 to 1884 (1)1828 to 1858 (1)1828 to 1910 (2)1829 to 1902 (1)1830 to 1876 (1)1830 to 1900 (1)1830 to 1905 (1)1832 to 1905 (1)1835 to 1885 (1)1835 to 1895 (1)1835 to 1919 (1)1837 to 1889 (1)1837 to 1913 (1)1839 to 1904 (1)1840 to 1898 (1)1842 to 1918 (1)1845 to 1886 (1)1846 to 1918 (1)1848 to 1915 (1)1849 to 1919 (1)1853 to 1927 (1)1854 to 1932 (1)1859 to 1925 (1)1860 to 1938 (1)1861 to 1896 (1)1861 to 1930 (1)1861 to 1939 (1)1861 to 1941 (1)1862 to 1914 (1)1862 to 1931 (1)1863 to 1914 (1)1863 to 1937 (1)1863 to 1947 (1)1863 to 1951 (1)1865 to 1930 (1)1869 to 1948 (1)1870 to 1924 (1)1870 to 1942 (1)1872 to 1928 (1)1872 to 1933 (1)1874 to 1922 (1)1876 to 1967 (1)1883 to 1957 (1)1884 to 1957 (1)1885 to 1961 (1)1886 to 1973 (1)1889 to 1964 (1)1890 to 1956 (1)1890 to 1969 (1)1891 to 1944 (1)1891 to 1956 (1)1892 to 1975 (1)1893 to 1976 (1)1894 to 1989 (1)1896 to 1974 (1)1898 to 1976 (1)1898 to 1978 (1)1906 to 1975 (1)1909 to 1972 (1)1911 to 1956 (1)1918 to 1970 (1)BirthplaceAllAjaccio, Corsica (1)Ajdir, Morocco (1)Ajos (now Coronel Oviedo), Paraguay (1)Aki, Tosa Province (present-day Kōchi Prefecture, Japan) (1)Alexandria, Egypt (1)Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, British India (1)Almonte, Canada West, Province of Canada (1)Barcelona, Spain (1)Berlin, Germany (1)Besançon, France (1)Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland (1)Bonn (1)Borge, Ostfold, Norway (1)Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary (1)Bury, Lancashire, England (1)Buttenheim, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation (1)Calamba, Laguna (Captaincy General of the Philippines) (1)Chishawasha District, Central Mashonaland (1)Cologne, Germany (1)Colombo (1)Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (2)Downend, near Bristol, England (1)Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland (1)East Nada, Kobe, Japan (1)Ejersa Goro, Hararghe, Ethiopia (1)Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1)Free City of Frankfurt (1)Geneva, Switzerland (1)Graz, Austria (1)Heidenheim, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire (1)Hofburg, Vienna, Austria (1)Holly Springs, Mississippi, Confederate States of America (1)Huai'an, Jiangsu, China (1)Jamestown, Gold Coast (now part of Accra, Ghana) (1)Jorasanko mansion, Calcutta (1)Kawhia or Maungatautari, Waikato, New Zealand (1)Kensington Palace, London, England (1)Kiev, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine) (1)Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland (1)Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England (1)Koblenz, Electorate of Trier, Holy Roman Empire (1)Lausanne, Switzerland (1)Lemhi River valley, near present-day Salmon, Idaho (1)Lisbon (1)Lockport, New York, United States (1)Manyambaladugu (present-day Guinea) (1)Mbacké, Kingdom of Baol (present-day Senegal) (1)Mhow, Central India Agency, British India (1)Moscow, Russia (1)Nantes, France (1)Navsari, Bombay Presidency, India (1)Near Chillicothe, Ohio (1)Near modern-day North Platte, Nebraska (1)New Britain, Connecticut (1)Nghệ An province, Annam, French Indochina (1)Nkroful, Colony of the Gold Coast (1)Nymphenburg Palace, Munich (1)Oaxaca (1)Ohio (1)Paris, France (1)Pella, Northern Cape, Cape Colony (present-day South Africa) (1)Porbandar, India (1)Płońsk, Congress Poland, Russian Empire (1)Qwara, west of Gondar, Ethiopia (1)Radhanagar, Bengal Presidency, India (1)Sadodar, Kathiawar Agency, British India (1)Shaoshan, Hunan (1)Sheffield, England (1)Simbirsk (1)Southampton County, Virginia, United States (1)Staten Island, New York (1)Store Frøen, near Christiania (now Oslo), Norway (1)Strasbourg, Kingdom of France (1)Stratford Hall Plantation, Westmoreland County, Virginia (1)Strelkovka, Kaluga Governorate, Russian Empire (1)Tehran, Iran (1)Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (1)Tuskegee, Tennessee (1)Varanasi, India (1)Wasamura, now part of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan (1)Yasnaya Polyana, Russia (1)Zanzibar (1)RuledAllEmpire of Japan (1)Ethiopian Empire (1)German Empire (1)Jhansi State (1)Kingdom of Dahomey (1)Kingdom of Prussia (1)Nazi Germany (1)Russian Empire (1)The British Empire (1)Wassoulou Empire (1)Zulu Kingdom (1)GenderAllFemale (20)Male (144)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 164Abd el-KrimThe Late Modern PeriodAbdul Hamid IIThe Late Modern PeriodAbdulazizThe Late Modern PeriodAbdulmejid IThe Late Modern PeriodAbraham LincolnThe Late Modern PeriodAdolf HitlerThe Late Modern PeriodAgnes de SilvaThe Late Modern PeriodAlexander III of RussiaThe Late Modern PeriodAlexandra of DenmarkThe Late Modern PeriodAlice MilliatThe Late Modern PeriodAlvaro ObregonThe Late Modern PeriodAmadou BambaThe Late Modern PeriodAndrew CarnegieThe Late Modern PeriodArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-EsteThe Late Modern PeriodAristotle OnassisThe Late Modern PeriodArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of WellingtonThe Late Modern PeriodArthur WhartonThe Late Modern PeriodB. R. AmbedkarThe Late Modern PeriodBabe Didrikson ZahariasThe Late Modern PeriodBaha'u'llahThe Late Modern PeriodBéhanzinThe Late Modern PeriodBenito JuárezThe Late Modern PeriodCetshwayo kaMpandeThe Late Modern PeriodCharles de GaulleThe Late Modern PeriodCornelius VanderbiltThe Late Modern PeriodCrazy HorseThe Late Modern PeriodCyrus McCormickThe Late Modern PeriodDavid Ben-GurionThe Late Modern PeriodDavid LivingstoneThe Late Modern PeriodDavid Lloyd GeorgeThe Late Modern PeriodDouglas HaigThe Late Modern PeriodEdward VIIThe Late Modern PeriodEdward VIIIThe Late Modern PeriodEmiliano ZapataThe Late Modern PeriodEmperor MeijiThe Late Modern PeriodEmpress Dowager CixiThe Late Modern PeriodErich von FalkenhaynThe Late Modern PeriodErnest ShackletonThe Late Modern PeriodErwin RommelThe Late Modern PeriodEusebi GuellThe Late Modern PeriodFrancis II, Holy Roman EmperorThe Late Modern PeriodFranklin D. RooseveltThe Late Modern PeriodFrederick DouglassThe Late Modern PeriodFridtjof NansenThe Late Modern PeriodFyodor DostoevskyThe Late Modern PeriodGamal Abdel NasserThe Late Modern PeriodGavrilo PrincipThe Late Modern PeriodGeorge Armstrong CusterThe Late Modern PeriodGeorge EastmanThe Late Modern PeriodGeorge IV of the United KingdomThe Late Modern PeriodGeorge VThe Late Modern PeriodGeorge VIThe Late Modern PeriodGeorge Washington Vanderbilt IIThe Late Modern PeriodGeorges ClemenceauThe Late Modern PeriodGeorgy ZhukovThe Late Modern PeriodGeronimoThe Late Modern PeriodGiuseppe GaribaldiThe Late Modern PeriodGleleThe Late Modern PeriodGolda MeirThe Late Modern PeriodGuangxu EmperorThe Late Modern PeriodHaile SelassieThe Late Modern PeriodHarry WrightThe Late Modern PeriodHelmuth von Moltke the ElderThe Late Modern PeriodHendrik WitbooiThe Late Modern PeriodHenry Clay FrickThe Late Modern PeriodHenry DunantThe Late Modern PeriodHenry FordThe Late Modern PeriodHo Chi MinhThe Late Modern PeriodHong XiuquanThe Late Modern PeriodIda B. WellsThe Late Modern PeriodIwasaki YataroThe Late Modern PeriodJ. P. MorganThe Late Modern PeriodJames NaismithThe Late Modern PeriodJamsetji TataThe Late Modern PeriodJawaharlal NehruThe Late Modern PeriodJigoro KanoThe Late Modern PeriodJohann Ludwig BurckhardtThe Late Modern PeriodJohann Wolfgang von GoetheThe Late Modern PeriodJohn BrightThe Late Modern PeriodJohn Maynard KeynesThe Late Modern PeriodJosé de San MartínThe Late Modern PeriodJose RizalThe Late Modern PeriodJoseph StalinThe Late Modern PeriodKaiser Wilhelm IIThe Late Modern PeriodKarl SchelenzThe Late Modern PeriodKlemens von MetternichThe Late Modern PeriodKonosuke MatsushitaThe Late Modern PeriodKonrad AdenauerThe Late Modern PeriodKwame NkrumahThe Late Modern PeriodLeo TolstoyThe Late Modern PeriodLevi StraussThe Late Modern PeriodLi HongzhangThe Late Modern PeriodLin ZexuThe Late Modern PeriodLudwig I of BavariaThe Late Modern PeriodLudwig II of BavariaThe Late Modern PeriodLudwig van BeethovenThe Late Modern PeriodMahatma GandhiThe Late Modern PeriodMahmud IIThe Late Modern PeriodMao ZedongThe Late Modern PeriodMaria Leopoldina of AustriaThe Late Modern PeriodMarie Louise, Duchess of ParmaThe Late Modern PeriodMehmed VThe Late Modern PeriodMehmed VIThe Late Modern PeriodMenelik IIThe Late Modern PeriodMurad VThe Late Modern PeriodMustafa IVThe Late Modern PeriodMustafa Kemal AtaturkThe Late Modern PeriodNapoleon BonaparteThe Late Modern PeriodNat TurnerThe Late Modern PeriodNehanda NyakasikanaThe Late Modern PeriodNicholas II of RussiaThe Late Modern PeriodOtto von BismarckThe Late Modern PeriodPancho VillaThe Late Modern PeriodPedro I of BrazilThe Late Modern PeriodPhilippe PetainThe Late Modern PeriodPierre de CoubertinThe Late Modern PeriodPuyiThe Late Modern PeriodQueen VictoriaThe Late Modern PeriodRabindranath TagoreThe Late Modern PeriodRadama IThe Late Modern PeriodRaja Ram Mohan RoyThe Late Modern PeriodRanavalona IThe Late Modern PeriodRanavalona I of MadagascarThe Late Modern PeriodRanavalona II of MadagascarThe Late Modern PeriodRanavalona III of MadagascarThe Late Modern PeriodRani LakshmibaiThe Late Modern PeriodRanjitsinhjiThe Late Modern PeriodRed CloudThe Late Modern PeriodRichard CobdenThe Late Modern PeriodRoald AmundsenThe Late Modern PeriodRobert E. LeeThe Late Modern PeriodRobert PeelThe Late Modern PeriodSacagaweaThe Late Modern PeriodSamori ToureThe Late Modern PeriodSamori TureThe Late Modern PeriodSequoyahThe Late Modern PeriodSerafina DavalosThe Late Modern PeriodShakaThe Late Modern PeriodSimón BolívarThe Late Modern PeriodSitting BullThe Late Modern PeriodSojourner TruthThe Late Modern PeriodSun Yat-senThe Late Modern PeriodTe RauparahaThe Late Modern PeriodTecumsehThe Late Modern PeriodTewodros IIThe Late Modern PeriodTippu TipThe Late Modern PeriodUlysses S. GrantThe Late Modern PeriodVenustiano CarranzaThe Late Modern PeriodVictor HugoThe Late Modern PeriodVladimir LeninThe Late Modern PeriodW. G. GraceThe Late Modern PeriodWalter CampThe Late Modern PeriodWilhelm I of PrussiaThe Late Modern PeriodWilliam G. MorganThe Late Modern PeriodWilliam IV of the United KingdomThe Late Modern PeriodWilliam Lloyd GarrisonThe Late Modern PeriodWilliam Randolph HearstThe Late Modern PeriodWilliam WilberforceThe Late Modern PeriodWinston ChurchillThe Late Modern PeriodWoodrow WilsonThe Late Modern PeriodYaa AsantewaaThe Late Modern PeriodYohannes IVThe Late Modern PeriodZeng GuofanThe Late Modern PeriodZhou EnlaiThe Late Modern PeriodConnectionsShowing the first 400 of 434 connections.IncludesThe Regency Era, Eras Well-attested Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated rangeThe Scramble for Africa, Eras Well-attested Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated rangeThe Victorian Era, Eras Well-attested Placed in its broad period by the atlas SubLabel and dated rangeThe World Wars, Events Well-attested Source The Oxford History of the Twentieth CenturyThird Treaty of San Ildefonso, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (Wikipedia)Tippu Tip, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Tippu Tiptier 2Trail of Tears, Events Well-attested Source Trail of Tears (Wikipedia)tier 2Treaties of Tilsit, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaties of Tilsit, WikipediaTreaty of Adrianople (1829), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Adrianople (1829), WikipediaTreaty of Aigun, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Aigun, WikipediaTreaty of Amiens, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Amiens (Wikipedia)Treaty of Berlin (1878), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Berlin (1878)Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Wikipedia)Treaty of Campo Formio, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Campo Formio (Wikipedia)Treaty of Chaumont, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Chaumont, WikipediaTreaty of Fez, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Fes (Wikipedia)Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)Treaty of Ghent, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Ghent (Wikipedia)Treaty of Greenville, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Wikipedia)Treaty of Gulistan, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Gulistan, WikipediaTreaty of London (1915), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of London (1915) - WikipediaTreaty of Lunéville, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of LunévilleTreaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Neuilly-sur-SeineTreaty of Paris (1814), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Paris (1814)Treaty of Paris (1856), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Paris (1856), WikipediaTreaty of Portsmouth, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Wikipedia)Treaty of San Stefano, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of San StefanoTreaty of Schönbrunn, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of SchönbrunnTreaty of Shimoda, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Shimoda, WikipediaTreaty of Shimonoseki, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Shimonoseki (Wikipedia)Treaty of Tientsin, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of TientsinTreaty of Turkmenchay, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Turkmenchay, WikipediaTreaty of Versailles, Events Well-attested Source Versailles Treaty: Reparations, June 28, 1919 (German History in Documents and Images)Treaty of Waitangi, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Treaty of Waitangitier 2Treaty of Wuchale, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Treaty of Wuchale, WikipediaTripartite Pact, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Tripartite Pact - WikipediaTriple Alliance (1882), Historical Documents Well-attested Source Triple Alliance (1882) (Wikipedia)Tu'i Tonga Empire, Polities Well-attested Source Tu'i Tonga Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2Turkish War of Independence, Events Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Turkish War of Independencetier 2Twenty-One Demands, Historical Documents Well-attested Source Twenty-One Demands, WikipediaUlysses S. Grant, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Ulysses S. Granttier 2Unification of Germany, Events Well-attested Source Proclamation of the German Empire - WikipediaUnification of Italy, Events Well-attested Source Unification of Italy - WikipediaVenustiano Carranza, Historical Figures Well-attested Source Wikipedia: Venustiano Carranzatier 2Showing 351 to 398 of 398 in Includes, page 8 of 8.← Previous1…678In the Other AtlasesEra Of Origin ForAmeraucanaAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Andalusian ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Blue Andalusian (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryBlue chickens from Andalusia were imported to England no later than 1851.Angeln SaddlebackAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.AppaloosaAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.AustralorpAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Bazna PigAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Belgian BlueAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Belted GallowayAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Boer GoatAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Bourbon Red TurkeyAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Brahma ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Brahman (cattle)Also in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.British Alpine GoatAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source British Alpine (Wikipedia)LeadQuote, LeadThe British Alpine is a British breed of dairy goat bred in the early twentieth century.British SaddlebackAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Buckeye ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.BuffalypsoAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Californian RabbitAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Campine ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Campine chicken (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, Historythe Campine became a separate breed with its own breed standard on 28 August 1904.Cayuga DuckAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Chester WhiteAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Chester White Swine - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyThese three breeds were intermingled for some years previous to 1815.Cochin ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Cornish ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.CorriedaleAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Domesticated Silver FoxAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.DorperAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Droughtmaster CattleAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Droughtmaster (Wikipedia)LeadQuote, LeadIt was developed from about 1915 in North Queensland by crossing zebuine cattle with cattle of British originDutch WarmbloodAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.English SpotAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Euskal TxerriaAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Faverolles ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Gloucestershire Old SpotsAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Gloucestershire Old Spots Swine - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historyIn 1855, Youatt and Martin mentioned there was a native stock in Gloucestershire that was of an unattractive dirty white color.Guinea HogAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Wikipedia: Guinea HogHistorytier 2Quote, Historywas first documented in 1811 and remained numerous until the second half of the twentieth centuryGypsy Vanner HorseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Haflinger HorseAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Hampshire DownAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Hampshire PigAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Hampshire pig (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryThe Hampshire derives from pigs imported to Massachusetts between about 1820 and 1830 by a Captain John Mackay of Boston, a ship-owner.Hereford PigAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Highland CattleAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Himalayan RabbitAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Himalayan rabbit (Wikipedia)HistoryQuote, HistoryA description of the Himalayan rabbit was first published in 1857 in EuropeHolland LopAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Houdan ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Wikipedia: Houdan ChickenHistorytier 2Quote, HistoryIt was described in detail by Charles Jacque in 1856 and 1858.Italian Mediterranean BuffaloAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Japanese Black CattleAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Japanese Black (Wikipedia)LeadQuote, LeadAll wagyū cattle derive from cross-breeding in the early twentieth century of native Japanese cattle with imported stockJava ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Wikipedia: Java ChickenHistorytier 2Quote, HistoryIt was first mentioned in print in 1835, but it is thought to have been present well before this time.Jersey Giant ChickenAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Jersey Giant (Wikipedia)LeadQuote, LeadIt was created in Burlington County, New Jersey, in the late nineteenth century.Khaki Campbell DuckAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Khaki Campbell (Wikipedia)LeadQuote, LeadIt was developed at Uley, in Gloucestershire, England, at the turn of the 20th centuryKiwifruitAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Wikipedia: KiwifruitLeadtier 2Quote, LeadIn the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings took place.KunekuneAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Kunekune (Wikipedia)Article textQuote, Article textThe breed is believed to have descended from an Asian domestic breed introduced to New Zealand in the early 19th century by whalers or traders.Large Black PigAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Large White PigAlso in Agriculture and Farming Atlas: originating in this era.Source Oklahoma State University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences: Large White Swine - Breeds of LivestockBreed historyQuote, Breed historySpecimens of the new breed first attracted attention at the Windsor Royal Show in 1831.Showing 1 to 50 of 200 in Era Of Origin For, page 1 of 4.1234Next →Found InAsiaAlso in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.EuropeAlso in Geography Atlas: where this subject is found.Sources1. The New Cambridge Modern HistoryCambridge University PressVol. XII, The Era of Violence, 1898-19452. The Oxford History of the Twentieth CenturyOxford University PressEncyclopaedia BritannicaEncyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Long Nineteenth CenturyIncludes: Robert PeelIncludes: Jigoro KanoIncludes: William G. MorganIncludes: Karl SchelenzView the SourceKrupp Family and Firm (Encyclopaedia Britannica)tier 1Encyclopaedia Britannica Editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Includes: KruppHong Kong and the Opium Wars (The National Archives, UK)tier 1The National Archives (UK)Includes: Opium WarsView the SourceThe Corn Laws (The National Archives, UK)tier 1The National Archives (UK)Includes: Repeal of the Corn LawsView the SourceRuhrbesetzung, 11 Januar 1923 (Bundesarchiv)tier 1Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archives)Includes: Weimar Republic HyperinflationView the SourceHitler Appointed Chancellor (USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia)tier 1United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumIncludes: Weimar RepublicView the SourceBattle of the Somme (National Army Museum)National Army MuseumIncludes: Battle of the SommeView the SourceThe Battle of Verdun (Memorial de Verdun)Memorial de VerdunIncludes: Battle of VerdunView the SourceGallipoli (National Army Museum)National Army MuseumIncludes: Gallipoli CampaignView the SourceVersailles Treaty: Reparations, June 28, 1919 (German History in Documents and Images)German Historical Institute, Washington DC (German History in Documents and Images), 1919Includes: Treaty of VersaillesView the SourceFranz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (1914-1918-Online)Paul Miller, 1914-1918-online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War (Freie Universitat Berlin)Includes: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-EsteView the SourceOutbreak of the First World War (Imperial War Museums)tier 2Imperial War MuseumsIncludes: Imperial War MuseumS. C. Johnson & Son Company History (scjohnson.com)tier 2S. C. Johnson & SonIncludes: S. C. Johnson and SonView the SourceWikipediatier 2WikipediaIncludes: The Interwar Period, Interwar period, in relation to the Late Modern Periodthe interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939.Includes: World Bank, World Bank, era placementThe World Bank was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference (1-22 July 1944).Includes: The Belle Époque, Belle Epoque, in relation to the Late Modern Perioda period of French and European history that began after the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and continued until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.Includes: The Napoleonic Era, Napoleonic era, in relation to the Late Modern PeriodThe Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'etat on 18 Brumaire...establishing the French Consulate.View the SourceWikipedia: Adolf Hitlertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Adolf HitlerView the SourceNew World Encyclopedia: Baha'u'llahNew World EncyclopediaIncludes: Baha'u'llah, Article leadQuote, Includes: Baha'u'llah, Article lead(November 12, 1817 - May 29, 1892)View the SourceLate modern period (Wikipedia)In Group: Eras Beginning from 1765 to 1815 CE, LeadQuote, In Group: Eras Beginning from 1765 to 1815 CE, LeadIt began in 1789 with the start of the French RevolutionView the SourceSamori Ture (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Samori Toure, LeadSamori Ture (c. 1830 - June 2, 1900)Includes: Samori Ture, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c.|1830; died 1900-06-02View the SourceWikipedia: Woodrow Wilsontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Woodrow Wilson, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Woodrow Wilson, lead paragraph, lifespanThomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 - February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921.View the SourceWikipedia: Georges Clemenceautier 2WikipediaIncludes: Georges Clemenceau, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Georges Clemenceau, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 - 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who was prime minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920.View the SourceWikipedia: David Lloyd Georgetier 2WikipediaIncludes: David Lloyd George, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: David Lloyd George, lead paragraph, lifespanDavid Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (17 January 1863 - 26 March 1945), was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.View the SourceWilhelm II (Wikipedia)Includes: Kaiser Wilhelm II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Kaiser Wilhelm II, lead paragraph, lifespanWilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 1859 - 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor from 1888 until his abdication in 1918.View the SourceWikipedia: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haigtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Douglas Haig, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Douglas Haig, lead paragraph, lifespanField Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (; 19 June 1861 - 29 January 1928) was a senior officer of the British Army.View the SourceWikipedia: Winston Churchilltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Winston Churchill, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Winston Churchill, lead paragraph, lifespanSir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945, during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955.View the SourceWikipedia: Franklin D. Roosevelttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Franklin D. Roosevelt, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Franklin D. Roosevelt, lead paragraph, lifespanFranklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945.View the SourceWikipedia: Joseph Stalintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Joseph Stalin, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Joseph Stalin, lead paragraph, lifespanJoseph Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; 18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who ruled the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from 1941 to 1953.View the SourceWikipedia: Hong Xiuquantier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hong Xiuquan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Hong Xiuquan, lead paragraph, lifespanHong Xiuquan (1 January 1814 - 1 June 1864), born Hong Huoxiu and with the courtesy name Renkun, was a Chinese revolutionary and religious leader who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty.View the SourceWikipedia: Mustafa Kemal Ataturktier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1881; died 1938-11-10View the SourceWikipedia: Gavrilo Principtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Gavrilo Princip, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Gavrilo Princip, lead paragraph, lifespan"Princip, Gavrilo (1894-1918)".View the SourceWikipedia: Erich von Falkenhayntier 2WikipediaIncludes: Erich von Falkenhayn, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Erich von Falkenhayn, lead paragraph, lifespanErich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 - 8 April 1922) was a German general and Ottoman Field Marshal who served as Prussian Minister of War and Chief of the German General Staff during the First World War.View the SourceWikipedia: Philippe Petaintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Philippe Petain, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Philippe Petain, lead paragraph, lifespanHenri Philippe Benoni Omar Joseph Pétain (French: [filip petɛ̃]; 24 April 1856 - 23 July 1951), also known as Marshal Pétain (French: maréchal Pétain, [maʁeʃal petɛ̃]), was a French military officer, dictator, and politician who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the Axis-collaborationist regime of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944, during World War II.View the SourceWikipedia: Lin Zexutier 2WikipediaIncludes: Lin Zexu, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Lin Zexu, lead paragraph, lifespanLin Zexu, Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent (Mandarin Chinese: 林則徐; 30 August 1785 - 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese political philosopher and politician.View the SourceWikipedia: Zeng Guofantier 2WikipediaIncludes: Zeng Guofan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Zeng Guofan, lead paragraph, lifespanZeng Guofan, Marquis Yiyong (traditional Chinese: 曾國藩; simplified Chinese: 曾国藩; pinyin: Zēng Guófān; Wade-Giles: Tseng1 Kuo2-fan1; 26 November 1811 - 12 March 1872), birth name Zeng Zicheng, courtesy name Bohan (伯涵), was a Chinese statesman and military general of the late Qing dynasty.View the SourceWikipedia: Li Hongzhangtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Li Hongzhang, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Li Hongzhang, lead paragraph, lifespanLi Hongzhang, Marquis Suyi (Chinese: 李鴻章; also Li Hung-chang; February 15, 1823 - November 7, 1901) was a Chinese statesman of the late Qing dynasty.View the SourceWikipedia: Richard Cobdentier 2WikipediaIncludes: Richard Cobden, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Richard Cobden, lead paragraph, lifespanRichard Cobden (3 June 1804 - 2 April 1865) was a British Radical and Liberal politician, manufacturer, and a campaigner for free trade and peace.View the SourceWikipedia: John Brighttier 2WikipediaIncludes: John Bright, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: John Bright, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 16; died 27View the SourceWikipedia: Charles de Gaulletier 2WikipediaIncludes: Charles de Gaulle, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Charles de Gaulle, lead paragraph, lifespanDe Gaulle: The Rebel 1890-1944. De Gaulle: The Ruler 1945-1970 (1993), 700 pp.View the SourceWikipedia: Otto von Bismarcktier 2WikipediaIncludes: Otto von Bismarck, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Otto von Bismarck, lead paragraph, lifespanOtto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 - 30 July 1898), was a German statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as its first chancellor from 1871 to 1890.View the SourceNicholas II (Wikipedia)Includes: Nicholas II of Russia, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Nicholas II of Russia, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born OldStyleDateNY|18 May|6 May 1868; died 1918-7-17View the SourceWikipedia: John Maynard Keynestier 2WikipediaIncludes: John Maynard Keynes, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: John Maynard Keynes, lead paragraph, lifespanJohn Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes ( KAYNZ; 5 June 1883 - 21 April 1946), was an English economist whose writings are considered the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots.View the SourceWilhelm I (Wikipedia)Includes: Wilhelm I of Prussia, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Wilhelm I of Prussia, lead paragraph, lifespanWilhelm I (also known in English as William I; German: Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig; 22 March 1797 - 9 March 1888) was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888.View the SourceAbraham Lincoln (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Abraham Lincoln, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abraham Lincoln, lead paragraph, lifespanAbraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.View the SourceSimon Bolivar (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Simón Bolívar, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Simón Bolívar, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1783-7-24; died 1830-12-17View the SourceArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, lead paragraph, lifespanField Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (né Wesley; 1 May 1769 - 14 September 1852), was a British Army officer and statesman.View the SourceSun Yat-sen (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sun Yat-sen, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sun Yat-sen, lead paragraph, lifespanSun Yat-sen (; 12 November 1866 - 12 March 1925) was a Chinese physician, revolutionary and political philosopher who founded the Republic of China (ROC) and the Kuomintang (KMT).View the SourceShaka (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Shaka, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Shaka, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. July 1787; died 24 September 1828 (age 41)View the SourceMenelik II (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Menelik II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Menelik II, lead paragraph, lifespanThe life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913.View the SourceYaa Asantewaa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Yaa Asantewaa, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Yaa Asantewaa, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1840; died 1921-10-17View the SourceBehanzin (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Béhanzin, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Béhanzin, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1845; died 1906-12-10View the SourceGiuseppe Garibaldi (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Giuseppe Garibaldi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Giuseppe Garibaldi, lead paragraph, lifespanGiuseppe Maria Garibaldi (Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] ; 4 July 1807 - 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, revolutionary and republican.View the SourceEmperor Meiji (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Emperor Meiji, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emperor Meiji, lead paragraph, lifespanEmperor Meiji (3 November 1852 - 29 July 1912), personal name Mutsuhito, was Emperor of Japan from 30 January 1867 until his death in 1912.View the SourceSitting Bull (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Sitting Bull, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sitting Bull, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1831-1837; died 1890-12-15View the SourcePancho Villa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pancho Villa, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pancho Villa, lead paragraph, lifespanFrancisco "Pancho" Villa (UK: PAN-choh VEE-ə, US: PAHN-choh VEE-(y)ə, Spanish: [ˈpantʃo ˈβiʎa]; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 - 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary, guerrilla leader, and politician.View the SourceEmiliano Zapata (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Emiliano Zapata, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Emiliano Zapata, lead paragraph, lifespanEmiliano Zapata Salazar (Latin American Spanish: [emiˈljano saˈpata]; 8 August 1879 - 10 April 1919) was a Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader.View the SourceGeronimo (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Geronimo, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Geronimo, lead paragraph, lifespanGerónimo (Mescalero-Chiricahua: Goyaałé, lit. 'the one who yawns', [kòjàːɬɛ́]; June 16, 1829 - February 17, 1909) was a military leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people.View the SourceWikipedia: Alexander III of Russiatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Alexander III of Russia, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Alexander III of Russia, lead paragraph, lifespanAlexander III (Russian: Александр III Александрович Романов, romanized: Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich Romanov; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.View the SourceWikipedia: Helmuth von Moltke the Eldertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, lead paragraph, lifespanGraf Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke (German: [ˈhɛlmuːt fɔn ˈmɔltkə]; 26 October 1800 - 24 April 1891) was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall.View the SourceWikipedia: Venustiano Carranzatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Venustiano Carranza, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Venustiano Carranza, lead paragraph, lifespanJosé Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (Spanish pronunciation: [benusˈtjano kaˈransa ðe la ˈɣaɾsa]; 29 December 1859 - 21 May 1920), known as Venustiano Carranza, was a Mexican land owner, revolutionary, and politician who served as the 44th President of Mexico from 1917 until his assassination in 1920, during the Mexican Revolution.View the SourceWikipedia: Alvaro Obregontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Alvaro Obregon, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Alvaro Obregon, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1880-2-19; died 1928-7-17View the SourceWikipedia: Crazy Horsetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Crazy Horse, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Crazy Horse, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1840; died 1877-9-5View the SourceWikipedia: George Armstrong Custertier 2WikipediaIncludes: George Armstrong Custer, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: George Armstrong Custer, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorge Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 - June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.View the SourceWikipedia: Jose de San Martintier 2WikipediaIncludes: José de San Martín, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: José de San Martín, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1778-2-25; died 1850-8-17View the SourceWikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoventier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ludwig van Beethoven, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ludwig van Beethoven, lead paragraph, lifespanHis late period (1812-1827) included some of his most innovative works.View the SourceEmpress Dowager Cixi (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Empress Dowager Cixi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Empress Dowager Cixi, lead paragraph, lifespanEmpress Dowager Cixi (Mandarin pronunciation: [tsʰɹ̩̌.ɕì]; 29 November 1835 - 15 November 1908) was a Manchu noblewoman of the Yehe Nara clan who periodically controlled the government of the late Qing dynasty as empress dowager and regent from 1861 until her death in 1908.View the SourceWikipedia: Pedro I of Braziltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pedro I of Brazil, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pedro I of Brazil, lead paragraph, lifespanPedro d'Alcântara de Bragança, 1798-1834 (in Portuguese).View the SourceWikipedia: Tecumsehtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Tecumseh, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Tecumseh, lead paragraph, lifespanTecumseh ( tih-KUM-sə, -see; March 9, 1768 - October 5, 1813) was a Shawnee chief and warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States onto Native American lands.View the SourceWikipedia: Benito Juáreztier 2WikipediaIncludes: Benito Juárez, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Benito Juárez, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1806-3-21; died 1872-7-18View the SourceWikipedia: Amadou Bambatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Amadou Bamba, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Amadou Bamba, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1853; died 1927 (aged 73-74)View the SourceWikipedia: Johann Ludwig Burckhardttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, lead paragraph, lifespanJohann Ludwig (also known as John Lewis, Jean Louis) Burckhardt (Arabic: يوهان لودفيك بركهارت; 24 November 1784 - 15 October 1817) was a Swiss traveller, geographer, and Orientalist.View the SourceWikipedia: Agnes de Silvatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Agnes de Silva, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Agnes de Silva, lead paragraph, lifespanAgnes Marion de Silva (née Nell; 1885-1961) was a Sri Lankan women's activist from a progressive society who, during the 1930s, pioneered issues related to women and in particular adult suffrage or franchise for women in Sri Lanka.View the SourceWikipedia: Serafina Davalostier 2WikipediaIncludes: Serafina Davalos, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Serafina Davalos, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1883-9-9; died 1957-9-27View the SourceWikipedia: Henry Dunanttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry Dunant, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry Dunant, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry Dunant (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi dynɑ̃]; born Jean-Henri Dunant; 8 May 1828 - 30 October 1910), also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss humanitarian, businessman, social activist, and co-founder of the Red Cross.View the SourceWikipedia: Nat Turnertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Nat Turner, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Nat Turner, lead paragraph, lifespanNat Turner (October 2, 1800 - November 11, 1831) was an enslaved Black carpenter and preacher who led a four-day rebellion of both slave and free Black people in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831.View the SourceWikipedia: Tippu Tiptier 2WikipediaIncludes: Tippu Tip, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Tippu Tip, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1832; died June 14, 1905 (aged 68)View the SourceMahatma Gandhi (Wikipedia)Includes: Mahatma Gandhi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mahatma Gandhi, lead paragraph, lifespanMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, which would later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.View the SourceVladimir Lenin (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Vladimir Lenin, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Vladimir Lenin, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Gregorian to Julian|22 April 1870; died 1924-1-21View the SourceMao Zedong (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Mao Zedong, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mao Zedong, lead paragraph, lifespanMao Zedong (26 December 1893 - 9 September 1976) was a Chinese communist revolutionary, political theorist and the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).View the SourceJawaharlal Nehru (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jawaharlal Nehru, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Jawaharlal Nehru, lead paragraph, lifespanJawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 - 27 May 1964) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century.View the SourceGamal Abdel Nasser (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Gamal Abdel Nasser, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Gamal Abdel Nasser, lead paragraph, lifespanGamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 - 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and revolutionary who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.View the SourceHo Chi Minh (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Ho Chi Minh, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ho Chi Minh, lead paragraph, lifespanHồ Chí Minh (born Nguyễn Sinh Cung; 19 May 1890 - 2 September 1969), colloquially known as Uncle Ho (Bác Hồ) among other aliases and sobriquets, was a Vietnamese communist revolutionary and statesman who founded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 (known as North Vietnam after 1954).View the SourceKwame Nkrumah (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kwame Nkrumah, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Kwame Nkrumah, lead paragraph, lifespanKwame Nkrumah (born Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma, /(ə)nˈkruːmə/ (ə)n-KROO-mə; 21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary.View the SourceHaile Selassie (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Haile Selassie, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Haile Selassie, lead paragraph, lifespanHaile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen or Lij Tafari; 23 July 1892 - 27 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974.View the SourceWikipedia: Ranavalona Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ranavalona I, lead paragraph, lifespanRanavalona I (born Rabodonandrianampoinimerina; 1778 - 16 August 1861), also known as Ramavo or Ranavalo-Manjaka I or Ranavalona reniny, was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861.Includes: Ranavalona I of Madagascar, lead paragraph, lifespanRanavalona I (born Rabodonandrianampoinimerina; 1778 - 16 August 1861), also known as Ramavo or Ranavalo-Manjaka I or Ranavalona reniny, was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861.View the SourceWikipedia: Tewodros IItier 2WikipediaIncludes: Tewodros II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Tewodros II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1818; died 1868-04-15View the SourceWikipedia: Yohannes IVtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Yohannes IV, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Yohannes IV, lead paragraph, lifespanYohannes IV (Tigrinya: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ Rabaiy Yōḥānnes; horse name Abba Bezbiz also known as Kahśsai; born Lij Kahssai Mercha; 11 July 1837 - 10 March 1889) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the Battle of Gallabat, and king of Tigray from 1869 to 1871.View the SourceWikipedia: Radama Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Radama I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Radama I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1793; died 27 July 1828 (age 35)View the SourceWikipedia: James Naismithtier 2WikipediaIncludes: James Naismith, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: James Naismith, lead paragraph, lifespanJames Naismith ( NAY-smith; November 6, 1861 - November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, Christian chaplain, and sports coach, best known as the inventor of the game of basketball.View the SourceWikipedia: Pierre de Coubertintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Pierre de Coubertin, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Pierre de Coubertin, lead paragraph, lifespanCharles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (French: [ʃaʁl pjɛʁ də fʁedi baʁɔ̃ də kubɛʁtɛ̃]; born Pierre de Frédy; 1 January 1863 - 2 September 1937), also known as Pierre de Coubertin and Baron de Coubertin, was a French educator and historian, co-founder of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and its second president.View the SourceWikipedia: Walter Camptier 2WikipediaIncludes: Walter Camp, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Walter Camp, lead paragraph, lifespanWalter Chauncey Camp (April 7, 1859 - March 14, 1925) was an American college football player and coach, and sports writer known as the "Father of American Football".View the SourceWikipedia: W. G. Gracetier 2WikipediaIncludes: W. G. Grace, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: W. G. Grace, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam Gilbert Grace (18 July 1848 - 23 October 1915) was an English cricketer who is widely held to have been one of the sport's all-time greatest players.View the SourceWikipedia: Harry Wrighttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Harry Wright, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Harry Wright, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam Henry "Harry" Wright (January 10, 1835 - October 3, 1895) was an American professional baseball center fielder, pitcher, manager, and developer.View the SourceWikipedia: Andrew Carnegietier 2WikipediaIncludes: Andrew Carnegie, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Andrew Carnegie, lead paragraph, lifespanAndrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 - August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.View the SourceWikipedia: J. P. Morgantier 2WikipediaIncludes: J. P. Morgan, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: J. P. Morgan, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1837-4-17; died 1913-3-31View the SourceWikipedia: Henry Fordtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry Ford, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry Ford, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry Ford (July 30, 1863 - April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist and business magnate.View the SourceWikipedia: Cornelius Vanderbilttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Cornelius Vanderbilt, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Cornelius Vanderbilt, lead paragraph, lifespanCornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 - January 4, 1877), nicknamed "the Commodore", was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.View the SourceWikipedia: Cetshwayo kaMpandetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Cetshwayo kaMpande, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Cetshwayo kaMpande, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1826; died 8 February 1884 (aged 58)View the SourceWikipedia: Sequoyahtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sequoyah, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sequoyah, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa 1770; died Death year and age|1843|1770|08View the SourceJohann Wolfgang von Goethe (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lead paragraph, lifespanJohann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 - 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language.View the SourceLeo Tolstoy (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Leo Tolstoy, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Leo Tolstoy, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Gregorian to Julian|9 September 1828; died Gregorian to Julian|20 November 1910 (aged 82)View the SourceWikipedia: Te Rauparahatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Te Rauparaha, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Te Rauparaha, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1760s; died 27 November 1849View the SourceAbd el-Krim (Wikipedia)Includes: Abd el-Krim, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abd el-Krim, lead paragraph, lifespanMohammed ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi, better known as Abd el-Krim (12 January 1882 - 6 February 1963), was a Moroccan revolutionary, religious, political and military leader and the president of the Republic of the Rif.View the SourceRani of Jhansi (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Rani Lakshmibai, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Rani Lakshmibai, lead paragraph, lifespanThe Rani of Jhansi (Hindi: Jhānsi Ki Rāni; born Manikarnika Tambe; 1827-30, or 1835 - 18 June 1858), also known as Rani Lakshmibai, was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.View the SourceRanjitsinhji (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Ranjitsinhji, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ranjitsinhji, lead paragraph, lifespanColonel Kumar Sri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II (10 September 1872 - 2 April 1933), often known as Ranji or K.View the SourceWikipedia: Arthur Whartontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Arthur Wharton, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Arthur Wharton, lead paragraph, lifespanArthur Wharton (28 October 1865 - 12 December 1930) was a British footballer.View the SourceWikipedia: Jamsetji Tatatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jamsetji Tata, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Jamsetji Tata, lead paragraph, lifespanJamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (3 March 1839 - 19 May 1904) was an Indian industrialist, philanthropist and patriarch of the Tata family who founded the Tata Group, India's largest conglomerate.View the SourceWikipedia: Konosuke Matsushitatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Konosuke Matsushita, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Konosuke Matsushita, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1894-11-27; died 1989-04-27View the SourceWikipedia: Raja Ram Mohan Roytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, lead paragraph, lifespanRaja Ram Mohan Roy (Bengali pronunciation: [ram moɦɔn rae̯]; 22 May 1772 - 27 September 1833) was an Indian social reformer and writer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a socio-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent.View the SourceWikipedia: Jose Rizaltier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jose Rizal, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Jose Rizal, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born June 19, 1861; died 1896-12-30View the SourceRoald Amundsen (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Roald Amundsen, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Roald Amundsen, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1872-07-16; died View the SourceSacagawea (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Sacagawea, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sacagawea, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born May 1788; died December 20, 1812 (aged 24)View the SourceWikipedia: Aristotle Onassistier 2WikipediaIncludes: Aristotle Onassis, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Aristotle Onassis, lead paragraph, lifespanAristotle Socrates Onassis (, US also ; Greek: Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης, romanized: Aristotélis Onásis, pronounced [aristoˈtelis oˈnasis]; 20 January 1906 - 15 March 1975) was a Greek and Argentine business magnate and shipping tycoon.View the SourceWikipedia: Iwasaki Yatarotier 2WikipediaIncludes: Iwasaki Yataro, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Iwasaki Yataro, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1835-01-09; died 1885-02-07View the SourceRabindranath Tagore (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Rabindranath Tagore, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Rabindranath Tagore, lead paragraph, lifespanRabindranath Tagore (Bengali: [ˈrobind̪ɾonat̪ʰ ˈʈʰakuɾ] ; 7 May 1861 - 7 August 1941) was a Bengali poet, author, playwright, musician, composer, philosopher, social reformer, painter, and one of the foremost figures of the Bengal Renaissance.View the SourceNehanda Charwe Nyakasikana (Wikipedia)Includes: Nehanda Nyakasikana, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Nehanda Nyakasikana, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1840; died 1898-04-27View the SourceGeorgy Zhukov (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Georgy Zhukov, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Georgy Zhukov, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1896-12-01; died 1974-06-18View the SourceErwin Rommel (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Erwin Rommel, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Erwin Rommel, lead paragraph, lifespanJohannes Erwin Eugen Rommel (pronounced [ˈɛɐviːn ˈʁɔməl] ; 15 November 1891 - 14 October 1944), known as The Desert Fox (German: Der Wüstenfuchs, pronounced [ˈvyːstn̩ˌfʊks] ), was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during World War II.View the SourceWikipedia: Robert E. Leetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Robert E. Lee, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Robert E. Lee, lead paragraph, lifespanRobert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 - October 12, 1870) was a Confederate general whose early actions in the American Civil War led to his appointment as the overall commander of the Confederate States Army near the end of the war.View the SourceWikipedia: Ulysses S. Granttier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ulysses S. Grant, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ulysses S. Grant, lead paragraph, lifespanGrant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States, serving from 1869 to 1877, and was the Commanding General of the Union Army, leading it to victory in the American Civil War in 1865.View the SourceWikipedia: Klemens von Metternichtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Klemens von Metternich, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Klemens von Metternich, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 15; died 11View the SourceWikipedia: Zhou Enlaitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Zhou Enlai, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Zhou Enlai, lead paragraph, lifespanZhou Enlai (Chinese: 周恩来; pinyin: Zhōu Ēnlái; Wade-Giles: Chou1 Ên1-lai2; 5 March 1898 - 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary who served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China from October 1949 until his death in January 1976.View the SourceWikipedia: Golda Meirtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Golda Meir, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Golda Meir, lead paragraph, lifespanGolda Meir (previously Meyerson; née Mabovitch; 3 May 1898 - 8 December 1978) was the prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974.View the SourceWikipedia: David Ben-Guriontier 2WikipediaIncludes: David Ben-Gurion, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: David Ben-Gurion, lead paragraph, lifespanDavid Ben-Gurion ( ben GOOR-ee-ən; Hebrew: דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן [daˈvid ben ɡuʁˈjon] ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 - 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder and first prime minister of the State of Israel.View the SourceWikipedia: Konrad Adenauertier 2WikipediaIncludes: Konrad Adenauer, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Konrad Adenauer, lead paragraph, lifespanKonrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (5 January 1876 - 19 April 1967) was a German statesman and politician who served as the first chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963.View the SourceWikipedia: Ludwig II of Bavariatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ludwig II of Bavaria, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ludwig II of Bavaria, lead paragraph, lifespanLudwig II (Louis II;Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; German: [ˈluːtvɪç ˈɔto ˈfʁiː.dʁɪç ˈvɪlˌhɛlm]; 25 August 1845 - 13 June 1886), also called the Swan King or the Fairy Tale King (der Märchenkönig), was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886.View the SourceEusebi Güell (Wikipedia)Includes: Eusebi Guell, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Eusebi Guell, lead paragraph, lifespanEusebi Güell Bacigalupi, 1st Count of Güell (; 15 December 1846-8 July 1918), also referred as Eusebio Güell, was a Spanish entrepreneur who profited greatly from the industrial revolution in Catalonia in the late 19th century.View the SourceWikipedia: David Livingstonetier 2WikipediaIncludes: David Livingstone, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: David Livingstone, lead paragraph, lifespanDavid Livingstone (; 19 March 1813 - 1 May 1873) was a Scottish doctor, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, and an explorer in Africa.View the SourceWikipedia: Ernest Shackletontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ernest Shackleton, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ernest Shackleton, lead paragraph, lifespanSir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.View the SourceWikipedia: Fridtjof Nansentier 2WikipediaIncludes: Fridtjof Nansen, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Fridtjof Nansen, lead paragraph, lifespanFridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (Norwegian: [ˈfrɪ̂tːjɔf ˈnɑ̀nsn̩]; 10 October 1861 - 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian polymath and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.View the SourceWikipedia: Ludwig I of Bavariatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ludwig I of Bavaria, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ludwig I of Bavaria, lead paragraph, lifespanLudwig I or Louis I (German: Ludwig I.; 25 August 1786 - 29 February 1868) was King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states.View the SourceWikipedia: William Randolph Hearsttier 2WikipediaIncludes: William Randolph Hearst, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William Randolph Hearst, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam Randolph Hearst (; April 29, 1863 - August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher and politician.View the SourceWikipedia: Henry Clay Fricktier 2WikipediaIncludes: Henry Clay Frick, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Henry Clay Frick, lead paragraph, lifespanHenry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 - December 2, 1919) was an American industrialist, financier, and art patron.View the SourceWikipedia: George Washington Vanderbilt IItier 2WikipediaIncludes: George Washington Vanderbilt II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: George Washington Vanderbilt II, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorge Washington Vanderbilt II (November 14, 1862 - March 6, 1914) was an American art collector and member of the prominent Vanderbilt family, which amassed a huge fortune through steamboats, railroads, and various business enterprises.View the SourceWikipedia: Frederick Douglasstier 2WikipediaIncludes: Frederick Douglass, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Frederick Douglass, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born circa February 14, 1818; died 1895-2-20View the SourceWikipedia: Sojourner Truthtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sojourner Truth, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Sojourner Truth, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1797; died 1883-11-26View the SourceWikipedia: William Wilberforcetier 2WikipediaIncludes: William Wilberforce, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William Wilberforce, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the Atlantic slave trade.View the SourceWikipedia: B. R. Ambedkartier 2WikipediaIncludes: B. R. Ambedkar, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: B. R. Ambedkar, lead paragraph, lifespanBhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 - 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and politician who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based on the debates of the Constituent Assembly of India and the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.View the SourceIda B. Wells (Wikipedia)Includes: Ida B. Wells, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ida B. Wells, lead paragraph, lifespanIda Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 - March 25, 1931) was an American investigative journalist, sociologist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement.View the SourceWikipedia: William Lloyd Garrisontier 2WikipediaIncludes: William Lloyd Garrison, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William Lloyd Garrison, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam Lloyd Garrison (December 10, 1805 - May 24, 1879) was an American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer.View the SourceWikipedia: Alice Milliattier 2WikipediaIncludes: Alice Milliat, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Alice Milliat, lead paragraph, lifespanAlice Joséphine Marie Milliat (née Million; 5 May 1884 - 19 May 1957) was a pioneer of women's sport.View the SourceWikipedia: Babe Didrikson Zahariastier 2WikipediaIncludes: Babe Didrikson Zaharias, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Babe Didrikson Zaharias, lead paragraph, lifespanMildred Ella "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias (; née Didrikson; June 26, 1911 - September 27, 1956) was an American athlete who excelled in golf, basketball, baseball, and track and field.View the SourceWikipedia: Hendrik Witbooi (Nama chief)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Hendrik Witbooi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Hendrik Witbooi, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born Birth year|1830; died 1905-10-29View the SourceRed Cloud (Wikipedia)Includes: Red Cloud, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Red Cloud, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born c. 1822; died 1909-12-10View the SourceWikipedia: Fyodor Dostoevskytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Fyodor Dostoevsky, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Fyodor Dostoevsky, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1821-11-11; died 1881-02-09View the SourceWikipedia: Victor Hugotier 2WikipediaIncludes: Victor Hugo, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Victor Hugo, lead paragraph, lifespanVictor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] ; 26 February 1802 - 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician.View the SourceWikipedia: Cyrus McCormicktier 2WikipediaIncludes: Cyrus McCormick, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Cyrus McCormick, lead paragraph, lifespanCyrus Hall McCormick (February 15, 1809 - May 13, 1884) was an American inventor and businessman who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of the International Harvester Company in 1902.View the SourceWikipedia: Levi Strausstier 2WikipediaIncludes: Levi Strauss, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Levi Strauss, lead paragraph, lifespanLevi Strauss ( LEE-vy STROWSS; born Löb Strauß, German: [løːp ˈʃtʁaʊs]; February 26, 1829 - September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans.View the SourceWikipedia: George Eastmantier 2WikipediaIncludes: George Eastman, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: George Eastman, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorge Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic use of roll film into the mainstream.View the SourceFrancis II, Holy Roman Emperor - WikipediaIncludes: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanFrancis II and I (German: Franz II; 12 February 1768 - 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor (as Francis II) from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) from 1804 to 1835.View the SourceMustafa IV (Wikipedia)Includes: Mustafa IV, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mustafa IV, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 8 September 1779; died 1808-11-16View the SourceMahmud II (Wikipedia)Includes: Mahmud II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mahmud II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 20 July 1785; died 1839-7-1View the SourceWikipedia: Abdulmejid Itier 2WikipediaIncludes: Abdulmejid I, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abdulmejid I, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 25 April 1823; died 1861-6-25View the SourceWikipedia: Abdulaziztier 2WikipediaIncludes: Abdulaziz, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abdulaziz, lead paragraph, lifespanAbdulaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز, romanized: ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; Turkish: Abdülaziz; 8 February 1830 - 4 June 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup.View the SourceMurad V (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Murad V, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Murad V, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1840-9-21; died 1904-8-29View the SourceWikipedia: Abdul Hamid IItier 2WikipediaIncludes: Abdul Hamid II, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Abdul Hamid II, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1842-9-21; died 1918-2-10View the SourceMehmed V (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mehmed V, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mehmed V, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1844-11-02; died 1918-07-03View the SourceMehmed VI (Wikipedia)Includes: Mehmed VI, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Mehmed VI, lead paragraph, lifespanInfobox: born 1861-1-14; died 1926-5-16View the SourceWikipedia: Queen Victoriatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Queen Victoria, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Queen Victoria, lead paragraph, lifespanVictoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 - 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901.View the SourceGeorge VI (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: George VI, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: George VI, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorge VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 - 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952.View the SourceGeorge V (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: George V, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: George V, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorge V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.View the SourceEdward VIII (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Edward VIII, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edward VIII, lead paragraph, lifespanEdward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 - 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.View the SourceEdward VII (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Edward VII, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Edward VII, lead paragraph, lifespanEdward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 - 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.View the SourceGeorge IV of the United Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: George IV of the United Kingdom, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: George IV of the United Kingdom, lead paragraph, lifespanGeorge IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 - 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death in 1830.View the SourceWilliam IV of the United Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: William IV of the United Kingdom, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: William IV of the United Kingdom, lead paragraph, lifespanWilliam IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 - 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837.View the SourceGuangxu Emperor (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Guangxu Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Guangxu Emperor, lead paragraph, lifespanThe Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 - 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth and penultimate emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.View the SourcePuyi (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Puyi, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Puyi, lead paragraph, lifespanPuyi (Chinese: 溥儀; pinyin: Pǔ Yí; Wade-Giles: P'u-i; 7 February 1906 - 17 October 1967) was the last emperor of China, having reigned as the Xuantong Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1908-1912, with a brief restoration in 1917) and later as the Kangde Emperor of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state during World War II.View the SourceRanavalona II of Madagascar (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ranavalona II of Madagascar, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ranavalona II of Madagascar, lead paragraph, lifespanRanavalona II (1829 - 13 July 1883) was Queen of Madagascar from 1868 to 1883, succeeding Queen Rasoherina, her first cousin.View the SourceRanavalona III (Wikipedia)Includes: Ranavalona III of Madagascar, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Ranavalona III of Madagascar, lead paragraph, lifespanRanavalona III (Malagasy pronunciation: [ranaˈvalːə̥]; 22 November 1861 - 23 May 1917) was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar.View the SourceWikipedia: Alexandra of DenmarkIncludes: Alexandra of Denmark, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Alexandra of Denmark, lead paragraph, lifespanAlexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 - 20 November 1925) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress of India, from 22 January 1901 to 6 May 1910 as the wife of King Edward VII.View the SourceWikipedia: Marie Louise, Duchess of ParmaIncludes: Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, lead paragraph, lifespanMarie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Theresia Josepha Lucia; 12 December 1791 - 17 December 1847) was Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death in 1847.View the SourceMaria Leopoldina of Austria (Wikipedia)Includes: Maria Leopoldina of Austria, lead paragraph, lifespanQuote, Includes: Maria Leopoldina of Austria, lead paragraph, lifespanDona Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 - 11 December 1826) was the first Empress of Brazil as the wife of Emperor Dom Pedro I from 12 October 1822 until her death.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Prussiatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Prussia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Prussia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Prussia (German: Königreich Preußen, pronounced [ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918. It played a significant role in the unification of Germany in 1871 and was a major constituent of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Great Britaintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Great Britain, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Great Britain, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesGreat Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706View the SourceWikipedia: Empire of Japantier 2WikipediaIncludes: Empire of Japan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Empire of Japan, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Empire of Japan (Japanese: 大日本帝國/大日本帝国, Hepburn: Dai Nippon Teikoku/Dai Nihon Teikoku), also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the period of Japanese history spanning 79 years, starting with the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868, and ending with ratification of the Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.View the SourceZulu Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Zulu Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Zulu Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Zulu Kingdom ( ; ), sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire, was a monarchy in Southern Africa. During the 1810s, Shaka established a standingView the SourceWassoulou Empire / Samorian State (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Wassoulou Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Wassoulou Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Samorian state, also referred to as the Wassoulou empire, Ouassalou empire, Mandinka empire or Samory's empire, was a short-lived West African state that existed from roughly 1878 until 1898, although dates vary from source to source.View the SourceAshanti Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ashanti Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ashanti Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Asante Empire (Asante Twi: Asanteman), also known as the Ashanti Empire, was an Akan state that lasted from 1701 to 1902, in what is now modern-day Ghana. It expanded from the Ashanti Region to include most of Ghana and also parts of Ivory Coast and Togo.View the SourceDahomey (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Dahomey, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Dahomey, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Dahomey (; Fon: Danhɔmɛ, lit. 'In the Belly of Chief Dan') was a West African kingdom located within the present-day Republic of Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904.View the SourcePrincipality of Wallachia (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Principality of Wallachia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Principality of Wallachia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesWallachia is a geographical region of modern-day Romania, as well as one of the two historical Romanian principalities that laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern Romanian state.View the SourceJhansi State (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Jhansi State, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Jhansi State, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesJhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the state under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse, and renamed it the Jhansi State.View the SourceWikipedia: Republic of Venicetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Venice, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Venice, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy.View the SourceWikipedia: French First Republictier 2WikipediaIncludes: French First Republic, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: French First Republic, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesIn the history of France, the French Republic (French: République française), retroactively referred to as the First Republic (French: Première République) and sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.View the SourceHawaiian Kingdom (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Hawaii, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Hawaii, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian: Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi [kɛ ɐwˈpuni həˈvɐjʔi]), was an archipelagic country from 1795 to 1893, which eventually encompassed all of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of the Two Siciliestier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: Regno delle Due Sicilie) was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1861 under the control of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, a cadet branch of the Bourbons.View the SourceWikipedia: Republic of Genoatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Genoa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Genoa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.View the SourceWikipedia: Old Swiss Confederacytier 2WikipediaIncludes: Old Swiss Confederacy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Old Swiss Confederacy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (German: Orte or Stände, French: cantons), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of Benintier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Benin, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Benin, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.View the SourceSokoto Caliphate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sokoto Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sokoto Caliphate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sokoto Caliphate (Arabic: دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان, literally: Caliphate in the Lands of Sudan), also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa.View the SourceKanem-Bornu Empire (Wikipedia)Includes: Kanem-Bornu Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kanem-Bornu Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kanem-Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad.View the SourceKingdom of Kongo (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Kongo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Kongo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Kongo (Kongo: Kongo Dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo; Portuguese: Reino do Congo; Latin: Regnum Congo) was a kingdom in Central Africa. It was located in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and the Republic of the Congo.View the SourceGrand Duchy of Lithuania (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania.View the SourcePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland-Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (), was a federative real union between theView the SourceKingdom of Poland (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Poland, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Poland, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 untilView the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of BohemiaIncludes: Kingdom of Bohemia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Bohemia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech: České království), or just Bohemia (Czech: Čechy) sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.View the SourceKingdom of Sicily (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Sicily, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Sicily, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Sicily (Latin: Regnum Siciliae; Sicilian: Regnu di Sicilia; Italian: Regno di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula as well as, for a time, in North Africa, from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.View the SourceFirst French Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: First French Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: First French Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe French Empire (French: Empire français; Latin: Imperium Francicum), known retroactively as the First French Empire, and colloquially as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.View the SourceKingdom of Sardinia (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Sardinia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Sardinia, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a kingdom in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century.View the SourceWikipedia: Joseontier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Joseon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Joseon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesJoseon (English: CHOH-sun; Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; also romanized as Chosun), officially Great Joseon State (대조선국; 大朝鮮國), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897.View the SourceChampa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Champa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Champa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesChampa was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam fromView the SourceRozvi Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Rozvi Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Rozvi Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Rozvi Empire (c. 16831866) was a Shona state established by Changamire Dombo on the Zimbabwean Plateau. The term "Rozvi" refers to their legacyView the SourceKingdom of Loango (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Loango, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Loango, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Loango was a state created by Kongo people during approximately the 16th to 19th centuries in what is now the western part of the Republic of the Congo, Southern Gabon and Cabinda.View the SourceKingdom of Rwanda (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Rwanda, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Rwanda, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Rwanda (also known as the Nyiginya Kingdom or Nyginya Dynasty) was a Bantu kingdom in modern-day Rwanda which grew to be ruled by a Tutsi monarchy.View the SourceKingdom of Burundi (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Burundi, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Burundi, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Burundi (French: Royaume du Burundi), also known as Kingdom of Urundi (Kirundi: Ubwami bw'Urundi), was a Bantu kingdom in the modern-day Republic of Burundi. The Ganwa monarchs (with the title of mwami) ruled over both Hutus and Tutsis.View the SourceKingdom of Imerina (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Imerina, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Imerina, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Imerina (Malagasy: Fanjakan'Imerina; c. 1540-1897), also known as the Kingdom of Madagascar or the Kingdom of Merina, was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 18th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar.View the SourceFunj Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Funj Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Funj Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia.View the SourceKaabu (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kaabu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kaabu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesKaabu (1537-1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was a federation of Mandinka kingdoms in the Senegambia region centered within modernView the SourceKhanate of Khiva (Wikipedia)Includes: Khanate of Khiva, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Khanate of Khiva, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Khanate of Khiva (Chagatay: خیوه خانلیگی, romanized: Khivâ Khânligi, Persian: خانات خیوه, romanized: Khânât-e Khiveh, Uzbek: Xiva xonligi, Хива хонлиги, Turkmen: Hywa hanlygy, Russian: Хивинское ханство, romanized: Khivinskoye khanstvo) was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746.View the SourceWikipedia: Khanate of KokandIncludes: Khanate of Kokand, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Khanate of Kokand, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Khanate of Kokand (Persian: خاننشین خوقند, Chagatay: خوقند خانليغى) was an early modern state in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia. At its peak, it stretched from the Ulu Tau mountains in the north, Sariqol in the south, Aq Masjid in the west, and Karakol in the east.View the SourceWikipedia: Konbaung dynastyIncludes: Konbaung Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Konbaung Dynasty, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Konbaung dynasty (Burmese: ကုန်းဘောင်မင်းဆက်), also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885.View the SourceWikipedia: CayorIncludes: Kingdom of Cayor, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Cayor, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Cayor Kingdom (Wolof: Kajoor; Arabic: كاجور) was from 1549 to 1886 the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal.View the SourceKingdom of Baol (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kingdom of Baol, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Baol, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesBaol or Bawol was a kingdom in what is now central Senegal.View the SourceWikipedia: WaaloIncludes: Kingdom of Waalo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Waalo, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesWaalo (Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean.View the SourceWikipedia: Sultanate of ZanzibarIncludes: Sultanate of Zanzibar, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Zanzibar, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: سلطنة زنجبار, romanized: Sulṭanat Zanjībār), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in existence between 1856 and 1964.View the SourceTu'i Tonga Empire (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Tu'i Tonga Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Tu'i Tonga Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Tui Tonga Empire, or Tongan Empire, are descriptions sometimes given to Tongan expansionism and projected hegemony in Oceania which began around 950 CE, reaching its peak during the period 1200-1500.View the SourceImamate of Futa Jallon (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Imamate of Futa Jallon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Imamate of Futa Jallon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Imamate of Futa Jallon or Jalon (Arabic: إمامة فوتة جالون; Pular: Fuuta Jaloo or Fuuta Jalon فُوتَ جَلࣾو, 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅), sometimes referred to as the Emirate of Timbo, was a West African Islamic state based in the Fouta Djallon highlands of modern Guinea.View the SourceImamate of Futa Toro (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Imamate of Futa Toro, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Imamate of Futa Toro, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Imamate of Futa Toro (Arabic: إمامة فوتة تورو; Fula: Imaama Futa Toro; French: Imamat de Futa Toro) was a West African theocratic monarchy of the Fula-speaking people (Fulɓe and Toucouleurs) in the middle valley of the Senegal River, in the region known as Futa Toro.View the SourceWarsangali Sultanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Warsangali Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Warsangali Sultanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Warsangali Sultanate (Somali: Saldanadda Warsangeli) (Arabic: سلطنة الورسنجلي), was a Somali state established in the 17th century in the Maakhir region during the early modern period by militarized Garaads (Lords) of the Maakhir coast and the Cal-Madow Mountains.View the SourceAhom Kingdom (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Ahom Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Ahom Kingdom, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Ahom kingdom (English: /ˈɑːhɔːm/, Assamese: [aɦʊm]), or Kingdom of Assam, was a late medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley. It is conventionally dated from 1228 to 1826, although the chronology of its foundation is disputed.View the SourceSultanate of Sulu (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Sultanate of Sulu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Sultanate of Sulu, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Sultanate of Sulu (Tausug: Kasultanan sin Sūg; Central Sama: Kasultanan Sūg or Kasultanan Sūk; Malay: Kesultanan Suluk; Filipino: Kasultanan ng Sulu or Sultanato ng Sulu) was a Sunni Muslim Tausūg state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga City, and certain portions of Palawan in today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah and North Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo.View the SourceRepublic of Ragusa (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Republic of Ragusa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Republic of Ragusa, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe.View the SourceKazakh Khanate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kazakh Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kazakh Khanate, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Kazakh Khanates or Qazaq Khanate was a nomadic state in Central Asia that existed from c. 1465 to the early 19th century.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of NavarreIncludes: Kingdom of Navarre, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Navarre, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Navarre ( nə-VAR), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of LeonIncludes: Kingdom of Leon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Leon, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of León was a medieval state situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.View the SourceDuchy of Burgundy (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Duchy of Burgundy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Duchy of Burgundy, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Duchy of Burgundy (; Latin: Ducatus Burgundiae; French: Duché de Bourgogne) was a medieval and early modern feudal polity in north-western regions of historical Burgundy. It belonged to the Kingdom of France, and was initially bordering the Kingdom of Burgundy to the east and south, thus being distinct from the neighboring Free County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté).View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of TahitiIncludes: Kingdom of Tahiti, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Tahiti, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Tahiti or the Tahitian Kingdom was a Polynesian monarchy founded by paramount chief Pōmare I, who, with the aid of British missionaries and traders, and European weaponry, unified the islands of Tahiti, Moʼorea, Tetiʻaroa, and Mehetiʻa.View the SourceWikipedia: Belgian colonial empireIncludes: Belgian Colonial Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Belgian Colonial Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Belgium controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the Belgian Congo (modern DR Congo) fromView the SourceWikipedia: Omani EmpireIncludes: Omani Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Omani Empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Omani Empire (Arabic: الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة) was a maritime empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for trade and influence in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. After rising as a regional power in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Cape Delgado in what is now Mozambique.View the SourceWikipedia: Swedish overseas coloniesIncludes: Swedish Overseas Colonies, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Swedish Overseas Colonies, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesSweden controlled a number of colonies outside Europe between 1638 and 1878.View the SourceRussian colonization of North America (Wikipedia)Includes: Russian Colonization of North America, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Russian Colonization of North America, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesRussian colonization of North America describes colonies and territories claimed by the Russian Empire in the Pacific Coast region of North AmericaView the SourceWikipedia: German colonial empireIncludes: German colonial empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: German colonial empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe German colonial empire (German: deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire. Unified in 1871, the chancellor of this time period was Otto von Bismarck.View the SourceWikipedia: Japanese colonial empireIncludes: Japanese colonial empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Japanese colonial empire, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesat its peak in 1942. Japan and its allies Thailand (in dark red) and Azad Hind occupied territories and client states in lighter red.View the SourceWikipedia: Taiwan under Qing ruleIncludes: Taiwan under Qing rule, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Taiwan under Qing rule, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Qing dynasty ruled over the island of Taiwan from 1683 to 1895. The Qing dynasty sent an army led by General Shi Lang to defeat the Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning in 1683. Taiwan was then formally annexed in April 1684.View the SourceWikipedia: Stato da MàrIncludes: Stato da Màr, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Stato da Màr, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (), sometimes described as a maritime empire or overseas empire, comprised the maritime and overseas territoriesView the SourceKingdom of Castile (Wikipedia)Includes: Kingdom of Castile, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Castile, lead paragraph and infobox, existence datesThe Kingdom of Castile was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.View the SourceWikipedia: Balfour Declarationtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Balfour Declaration, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Balfour Declaration, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe text of the declaration was published in the press on 9 November 1917.View the SourceWikipedia: Gettysburg Addresstier 2WikipediaIncludes: Gettysburg Address, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Gettysburg Address, lead paragraph and infobox, dateLincoln delivered the speech on the afternoon of November 19, 1863, during a formal dedication of Soldiers' National Cemetery, now known as Gettysburg National Cemetery, on the grounds where the Battle of Gettysburg had been fought four and a half months earlier, between July 1 and July 3, 1863, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.View the SourceThe Communist Manifesto, WikipediaIncludes: The Communist Manifesto, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: The Communist Manifesto, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Communist Manifesto, originally the Manifesto of the Communist Party, is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It was coView the SourceFourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, WikipediaIncludes: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. ConsiView the SourceWikipedia: Emancipation Proclamationtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Emancipation Proclamation, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Emancipation Proclamation, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States president AbrahView the SourceWikipedia: Monroe Doctrinetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Monroe Doctrine, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Monroe Doctrine, lead paragraph and infobox, datePresident James Monroe first articulated the doctrine on December 2, 1823, during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress (though it was not named after him until 1850).View the SourceNineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, WikipediaIncludes: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote tView the SourceWikipedia: Sykes-Picot AgreementIncludes: Sykes-Picot Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Sykes-Picot Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 3 January 1916View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Waitangitier 2WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Waitangi, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Waitangi, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the Crown and by Māori chiefs (rangatira) from the North Island of New Zealand.View the SourceWikipedia: Kellogg-Briand PactIncludes: Kellogg-Briand Pact, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Kellogg-Briand Pact, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 27 August 1928View the SourceWikipedia: Fourteen PointsIncludes: Fourteen Points, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Fourteen Points, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles werView the SourceZimmermann telegram (Wikipedia)Includes: Zimmermann Telegram, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Zimmermann Telegram, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt helped to generate support for the American declaration of war on Germany in April 1917.View the SourceTreaty of Shimonoseki (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Shimonoseki, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Shimonoseki, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe peace conference took place from March 20 to April 17, 1895, and the treaty followed and superseded the Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty of 1871.View the SourceTreaty of Brest-Litovsk (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIn January 1918, the Central Powers demanded secession of all occupied territories of the former Russian Empire.View the SourceTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt was signed on the 2nd of February 1848 in the town of Guadalupe Hidalgo.View the SourceLouisiana Purchase (Wikipedia)Includes: Louisiana Purchase, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Louisiana Purchase, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane, lit. 'Sale of Louisiana') was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803.View the SourceDeclaration of Sentiments (Wikipedia)Includes: Declaration of Sentiments, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Declaration of Sentiments, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men-100 out of View the SourceTreaty of Ghent (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Ghent, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Ghent, lead paragraph and infobox, dateBoth sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, United Netherlands (now in Belgium).View the SourceTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: Traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on one side and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other.View the SourceWikipedia: Congress of Viennatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European Includes: Congress of Vienna, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European View the SourceBretton Woods system (Wikipedia)Includes: Bretton Woods Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Bretton Woods Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial relations among 44 countries, including the United States, CanadaView the SourceWashington Naval Treaty - WikipediaIncludes: Washington Naval Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Washington Naval Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe treaty was finalized on February 6, 1922.View the SourceLocarno Treaties - WikipediaIncludes: Locarno Treaties, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Locarno Treaties, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Locarno Treaties, known collectively as the Locarno Pact, were seven post-World War I agreements negotiated amongst Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia in late 1925.View the SourceAnti-Comintern Pact - WikipediaIncludes: Anti-Comintern Pact, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Anti-Comintern Pact, lead paragraph and infobox, dateAs such, negotiations resumed on 23 October 1936 and the pact was finalized and signed on 25 November of the same year.View the SourceTripartite Pact - WikipediaIncludes: Tripartite Pact, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Tripartite Pact, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler.View the SourceTreaty of London (1915) - WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of London (1915), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of London (1915), lead paragraph and infobox, dateThese talks collapsed on 15 February 1915.View the SourceWikipedia: Anglo-Irish TreatyIncludes: Anglo-Irish Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Anglo-Irish Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe British House of Commons approved the treaty on 16 December 1921 by a vote of 401 to 58.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of PortsmouthIncludes: Treaty of Portsmouth, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Portsmouth, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Berlin (1878)Includes: Treaty of Berlin (1878), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Berlin (1878), lead paragraph and infobox, dateGladstone, William Ewart (1878).View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of San StefanoIncludes: Treaty of San Stefano, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of San Stefano, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 1878-3-3View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Neuilly-sur-SeineIncludes: Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe treaty was signed on 27 November 1919, in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the Hauts-de-Seine department, just west of Paris in France.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)Includes: Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Frankfurt (1871), lead paragraph and infobox, date"The Franco-German Boundary of 1871", World Politics, pp.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)Includes: Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: April 29 - November 6, 1868efn-Iron Shell was the first to sign the document onView the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of GreenvilleIncludes: Treaty of Greenville, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Greenville, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt was signed at Fort Greenville, now Greenville, Ohio, on August 3, 1795, following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier in August 1794.View the SourceWikipedia: Convention of PekingIncludes: Convention of Peking, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Convention of Peking, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 24 October 1860 (Anglo-Chinese); 25 October 1860 (Franco-Chinese); 14 NovembView the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of TientsinIncludes: Treaty of Tientsin, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Tientsin, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several unequal treaties signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858.View the SourceWikipedia: Boxer ProtocolIncludes: Boxer Protocol, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Boxer Protocol, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: September 7, 1901 (July 25th, Year Guangxu 27)View the SourceConvention of Kanagawa, WikipediaIncludes: Convention of Kanagawa, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Convention of Kanagawa, lead paragraph and infobox, datePerry returned again on February 11, 1854, with an even larger force of eight warships and made it clear that he would not be leaving until a treaty was signed.View the SourceTreaty of Shimoda, WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Shimoda, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Shimoda, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Shimoda (下田条約, Shimoda Jouyaku) (formally Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia 日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jouyaku) of February 7, 1855, was the first treaty between the Russian Empire, and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate.View the SourceTreaty of Wuchale, WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Wuchale, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Wuchale, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Wuchale (also spelled Treaty of Ucciale; Italian: Trattato di Uccialli, Amharic: የውጫሌ ውል) was a treaty signed between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The signing parties were King Menelik II of Shewa, acting as Emperor of Ethiopia, and Count Pietro Antonelli representing Italy, on 2 May 1889, established the treaty after the Italian occupation of Eritrea.View the SourceTreaty of Fes (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Fez, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Fez, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIn March 1912, negotiations at the Royal Palace in Fes between Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco and Eugène Regnault were interpreted by Abdelqader Benghabrit, who was then working as the translator at the French Legation in Tangier.View the SourceEms Dispatch, WikipediaIncludes: Ems Dispatch, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Ems Dispatch, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Ems dispatch (French: Dépêche d'Ems, German: Emser Depesche), sometimes called the Ems telegram, was published on 13 July 1870; it incited the Second French Empire to declare war on the Kingdom of Prussia on 19 July 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian War.View the SourceLansing-Ishii Agreement, WikipediaIncludes: Lansing-Ishii Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Lansing-Ishii Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateJapanese special envoy, with United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing in Washington, in 1917 for the signing of the Lansing-Ishii AgreementView the SourceTreaties of Tilsit, WikipediaIncludes: Treaties of Tilsit, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaties of Tilsit, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaties of Tilsit (French: Traités de Tilsit), also collectively known as the Peace of Tilsit (German: Friede von Tilsit; Russian: Тильзитский мир, romanized: Tilzitski mir), were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit (today Sovetsk, Russia) in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland, at the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition.View the SourceTreaty of Amiens (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Amiens, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Amiens, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt was signed in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) of Amiens on 25 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in the French Revolutionary calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace".View the SourceTreaty of Paris (1856), WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Paris (1856), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Paris (1856), lead paragraph and infobox, dateAlexander II pursued peace talks with Britain and France in Paris in 1856, seeking to keep some imperial possessions, to stop the deaths of thousands of its army reserves, and to prevent an economic crisis.View the SourceJay Treaty, WikipediaIncludes: Jay Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Jay Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateCongress voted on a trade embargo against Britain in March 1794.View the SourceTreaty of Campo Formio (Wikipedia)Includes: Treaty of Campo Formio, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Campo Formio, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe treaty followed the armistice of Leoben (18 April 1797), which had been forced on the Habsburgs by Napoleon's victorious campaign in Italy.View the SourceThird Treaty of San Ildefonso (Wikipedia)Includes: Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between Spain and the French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.View the SourceAdams-Onis Treaty (Wikipedia)Includes: Adams-Onis Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Adams-Onis Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 1819-2-22View the SourceTreaty of Chaumont, WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Chaumont, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Chaumont, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately-signed but identically-worded agreements in 1814 between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of PrussiaView the SourceTreaty of Turkmenchay, WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Turkmenchay, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Turkmenchay, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe treaty was signed on 22 February 1828 (5 Sha'ban 1243) in Torkamanchay (a village between Tabriz and Tehran).View the SourceTreaty of Gulistan, WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Gulistan, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Gulistan, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: Russian: Гюлистанский договор, romanized: Gyulistanskiy dogovor; Persian: عهدنامه گلستان, romanized: Ahdnāme-ye Golestān) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813).View the SourceTreaty of Aigun, WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Aigun, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Aigun, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Qing dynasty of China.View the SourceDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, WikipediaIncludes: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human and civil rights document from the French Revolution; the French title can be translated in the modern era as "Declaration of Human and Civil Rights".View the SourceNapoleonic Code, WikipediaIncludes: Napoleonic Code, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Napoleonic Code, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe code finally came into effect on 21 March 1804.View the SourceAtlantic Charter, WikipediaIncludes: Atlantic Charter, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Atlantic Charter, lead paragraph and infobox, dateRoosevelt gave Congress the charter's content on 21 August 1941.View the SourceWeimar Constitution (Wikipedia)Includes: Weimar Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Weimar Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateFriedrich Ebert, the first president of Germany, signed the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919, and it became effective on the 14th.View the SourceMeiji Constitution (Wikipedia)Includes: Constitution of the Empire of Japan, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Constitution of the Empire of Japan, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國憲法; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国憲法, romanized: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kenpō), known informally as the Meiji Constitution (明治憲法, Meiji Kenpō), was the constitution of the Empire of Japan which was proclaimed on February 11, 1889, and remained in force between November 29, 1890, until May 2, 1947.View the Source1943 Cairo Declaration (Wikipedia)Includes: 1943 Cairo Declaration, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: 1943 Cairo Declaration, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Cairo Declaration (Chinese: 開羅宣言) was the outcome of the Cairo Conference in Cairo, Egypt, on 27 November 1943 of the 3 Allied powers engaged in the Second World war against the "Axis" of Germany and Japan, represented by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China.View the SourceHossbach Memorandum (Wikipedia)Includes: Hossbach Memorandum, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Hossbach Memorandum, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Hossbach Memorandum (or Hossbach Protocol) records minutes of a meeting in Berlin on 5 November 1937 attended by German dictator Adolf Hitler and View the SourceRush-Bagot Treaty (Wikipedia)Includes: Rush-Bagot Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Rush-Bagot Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateAlthough early negotiations stalled, the British government eventually authorized Sir Charles Bagot, its minister in Washington, to resume talks. a correspondence of letters between Acting United States Secretary of State Richard Rush and the British Minister to Washington Sir Charles Bagot, which were exchanged and signed on April 27 and 28, 1817.View the SourceZinoviev letter (Wikipedia)Includes: Zinoviev Letter, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Zinoviev Letter, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Zinoviev letter was a forged document published and sensationalised by the Daily Mail newspaper four days before the 1924 United Kingdom general eView the SourceReinsurance Treaty (Wikipedia)Includes: Reinsurance Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Reinsurance Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Reinsurance Treaty was a diplomatic agreement between the German Empire and the Russian Empire that was in effect from 1887 to 1890. The existenceView the SourceTriple Alliance (1882) (Wikipedia)Includes: Triple Alliance (1882), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Triple Alliance (1882), lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodicalView the SourceEntente Cordiale (Wikipedia)Includes: Entente Cordiale, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Entente Cordiale, lead paragraph and infobox, dateWhen used today the term almost always denotes the second Entente Cordiale, that is to say, the written and partly secret agreement signed in London between the two powers on 8 April 1904.View the SourceAnglo-Japanese Alliance (Wikipedia)Includes: Anglo-Japanese Alliance, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Anglo-Japanese Alliance, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Anglo-Japanese Alliance (日英同盟, Nichi-Ei Dōmei) was an alliance between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Japan which was effective from 1902 to 1923.View the SourceHaitian Declaration of Independence (Wikipedia)Includes: Haitian Declaration of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Haitian Declaration of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThese words presaged the 1804 Haiti massacre, which was supervised by Dessalines.View the SourceEdict of Gülhane (Wikipedia)Includes: Edict of Gulhane, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Edict of Gulhane, lead paragraph and infobox, dateVolume 2, which originated from Manuale di diritto publico e privato ottomano (1865) by Domenico GatteschiView the SourceConstitution of the Ottoman Empire (Wikipedia)Includes: Ottoman Constitution of 1876, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Ottoman Constitution of 1876, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: قانون أساسي, romanized: Kānûn-ı Esâsî, lit. 'Basic law'; French: Constitution ottomane) was in effect from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era, and from 1908 to 1922 in the Second Constitutional Era.View the SourceCharter Oath (Wikipedia)Includes: Charter Oath, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Charter Oath, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Charter Oath (五ヶ條ノ御誓文, Gokajō no Goseimon; Shinjitai: 五箇条の御誓文; more literally, the Oath in Five Articles) was promulgated on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization.View the SourceSpanish Constitution of 1812 (Wikipedia)Includes: Spanish Constitution of 1812, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Spanish Constitution of 1812, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 19 March 1812 (first time); 1 January 1820 (second time, de facto); 1836View the SourceWikipedia: Reuter ConcessionIncludes: Reuter Concession, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Reuter Concession, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Reuter concession (Persian: امتیازنامه رویتر) was a contract signed in 1872 between Paul Reuter, a German-born British banker, businessman, and foView the SourceWikipedia: Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley (1834)Includes: Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley (1834), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley (1834), lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe payment was to begin from 9 January 1834, the date on which the Kubo Valley was officially transferred to Burmese control.View the SourceWikipedia: 1937 Ben-Gurion letterIncludes: 1937 Ben-Gurion letter, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: 1937 Ben-Gurion letter, lead paragraph and infobox, dateDavid Ben-Gurion, then head of the executive committee of the Jewish Agency, wrote a letter to his son Amos on 5 October 1937. The letter is well knowView the SourceWikipedia: RAC-HBC AgreementIncludes: RAC-HBC Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: RAC-HBC Agreement, lead paragraph and infobox, dateRAC-HBC Agreement was a series of protocols signed by the Russian-American Company (RAC) and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1839 and remained activView the SourceWikipedia: Mannheimer AkteIncludes: Mannheimer Akte, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Mannheimer Akte, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Mannheimer Akte (Mannheim Act) (officially: Revised Rhine Navigation Act of 17 October 1868) is an international agreement that regulates vessel tView the SourceWikipedia: ReichskonkordatIncludes: Reichskonkordat, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Reichskonkordat, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt was ratified on 10 September 1933 and it remains in force.View the SourceWikipedia: Lateran TreatyIncludes: Lateran Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Lateran Treaty, lead paragraph and infobox, dateIt was ratified on 7 June 1929.View the SourceWikipedia: Frankfurt ConstitutionIncludes: Frankfurt Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Frankfurt Constitution, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Frankfurt Constitution (German: Frankfurter Reichsverfassung) or Constitution of St. Paul's Church (Paulskirchenverfassung), officially named the Constitution of the German Empire (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches) of 28 March 1849, was an unsuccessful attempt to create a unified German nation from the states of the German Confederation.View the SourceWikipedia: Statuto AlbertinoIncludes: Statuto Albertino, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Statuto Albertino, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Statuto Albertino (English: Albertine Statute) was the constitution granted by King Charles Albert of Sardinia to the Kingdom of Sardinia on 4 MarView the SourceWikipedia: April LawsIncludes: Hungarian April Laws, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Hungarian April Laws, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe April Laws, also called March Laws, were a collection of laws legislated by Lajos Kossuth with the aim of modernizing the Kingdom of Hungary into View the SourceWikipedia: French Constitution of 1848Includes: French Constitution of 1848, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: French Constitution of 1848, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Constitution of 1848 is the constitution passed in France on 4 November 1848 by the National Assembly, the constituent body of the Second French Republic.View the SourceWikipedia: Constitution of DenmarkIncludes: Danish June Constitution of 1849, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Danish June Constitution of 1849, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe first democratic constitution was adopted in 1849, replacing the 1665 absolutist constitution. The current constitution is from 1953.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)Includes: Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement concluded in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, RusView the SourceWikipedia: Peace of BaselIncludes: Peace of Basel, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Peace of Basel, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution (represented by François de Barthélemy).View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of LunévilleIncludes: Treaty of Lunéville, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Lunéville, lead paragraph and infobox, dateInfobox date: 1801-02-09-df=yView the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of Paris (1814)Includes: Treaty of Paris (1814), lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Paris (1814), lead paragraph and infobox, dateThis provision resulted in the Congress of Vienna, held between September 1814 and June 1815.View the SourceWikipedia: Treaty of SchönbrunnIncludes: Treaty of Schönbrunn, lead paragraph and infobox, dateQuote, Includes: Treaty of Schönbrunn, lead paragraph and infobox, dateThe Treaty of Schönbrunn (), sometimes known as the Peace of Schönbrunn () or the Treaty of Vienna (), was signed between France and Austria at SchönbView the SourceWikipedia: Great Depressiontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Great Depression, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Great Depression, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was marked by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drasticView the SourceWikipedia: Russian Revolutiontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Russian Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Russian Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt View the SourceWikipedia: Boxer Rebelliontier 2WikipediaIncludes: Boxer Rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Boxer Rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, Boxer Movement, Yihetuan Movement (traditional Chinese: 義和團運動; simplified Chinese: 义和团运动), or Boxer War, was an uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.View the SourceWikipedia: Franco-Prussian Wartier 2WikipediaIncludes: Franco-Prussian War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Franco-Prussian War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Franco-Prussian War, occasionally known as the Franco-German War, and sometimes referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between FView the SourceWikipedia: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinandtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, lead paragraph and infobox, datesArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated byView the SourceWikipedia: Turkish War of Independencetier 2WikipediaIncludes: Turkish War of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Turkish War of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Turkish War of Independence (15 May 1919 - 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement, after the Ottoman Empire was occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I.View the SourceWikipedia: First Sino-Japanese Wartier 2WikipediaIncludes: First Sino-Japanese War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: First Sino-Japanese War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 - 17 April 1895) was a conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily for influence over Korea.View the SourceWikipedia: Napoleonic Warstier 2WikipediaIncludes: The Napoleonic Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: The Napoleonic Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a global series of conflicts fought by a fluctuating array of European coalitions against the French First RepublView the SourceMexican Revolution (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Mexican Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Mexican Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history".View the SourceGreat Sioux War of 1876 (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Great Sioux War of 1876, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Great Sioux War of 1876, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an allianceView the SourceSpanish American wars of independence (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Spanish American wars of independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Spanish American wars of independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Spanish American wars of independence (Spanish: Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) were a series of conflicts across the Spanish Empire in the early 19th century. They began shortly after the outbreak of the Peninsular War and formed part of the broader Napoleonic Wars.View the SourceWikipedia: Anglo-Zulu Wartier 2WikipediaIncludes: Anglo-Zulu War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Anglo-Zulu War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Anglo-Zulu War, or simply the Zulu War, was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British EmpirView the SourceWikipedia: Battle of Adwatier 2WikipediaIncludes: Battle of Adwa, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Battle of Adwa, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Battle of Adwa was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War. It was fought on 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa between the EthiopiView the SourceWikipedia: War of the Golden Stooltier 2WikipediaIncludes: War of the Golden Stool, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: War of the Golden Stool, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe War of the Golden Stool, also known as the Yaa Asantewaa War, the Third Ashanti Expedition, the Ashanti Uprising, or variations thereof, was a camView the SourceWikipedia: American Civil Wartier 2WikipediaIncludes: American Civil War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: American Civil War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe American Civil War (April 12, 1861 - May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve slavery in the United States.View the SourceWikipedia: 1911 Revolutiontier 2WikipediaIncludes: 1911 Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: 1911 Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, culminated in the end of China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasView the SourceWikipedia: Expedition of the Thousandtier 2WikipediaIncludes: Expedition of the Thousand, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Expedition of the Thousand, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Expedition of the Thousand (Italian: Spedizione dei Mille) was an event of the unification of Italy that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto al Mare near Genoa and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the Spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.View the SourceWikipedia: Apache Warstier 2WikipediaIncludes: Apache Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Apache Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest betweView the SourceIndian Rebellion of 1857 (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Indian Rebellion of 1857, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Indian Rebellion of 1857, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereView the SourceSalt March (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Salt March, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Salt March, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March, and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial IndiView the SourceMeiji Restoration (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Meiji Restoration, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Meiji Restoration, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Meiji Restoration (明治維新, Meiji Ishin; also translated as the Meiji Reform[ation]), referred to at the time as the Honorable Restoration (御維新／御一新, Goi(s)shin), was a political event that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji and led to the Westernisation of Japan.View the SourceBerlin Conference (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Berlin Conference, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Berlin Conference, lead paragraph and infobox, dateson 3 January 1885, showing German Chancellor Bismarck about to partition AfricaView the SourceHaitian Revolution, WikipediaIncludes: Haitian Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Haitian Revolution, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Haitian Revolution, also known as the Haitian War of Independence, was a successful insurrection by enslaved Africans against French colonial ruleView the SourceGreat Famine (Ireland) (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Great Famine (Ireland), lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Great Famine (Ireland), lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger (Irish: an Gorta Mór [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]), the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852.View the SourceSpanish Flu (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Spanish Flu, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Spanish Flu, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe 1918-1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the misleading name Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influView the SourceHolodomor (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Holodomor, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Holodomor, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian famine, was a massive man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of UkrainianView the SourceBengal famine of 1943, WikipediaIncludes: Bengal Famine of 1943, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Bengal Famine of 1943, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine during World War II in the Bengal Province and Orissa Province of British India. An estimated 800,000-3.8 milliView the SourceTrail of Tears (Wikipedia)tier 2Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Trail of Tears, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Trail of Tears, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Trail of Tears was the forced displacement and ethnic cleansing of about 60,000 Native Americans of the "Five Civilized Tribes", including their bView the SourceMusket Wars, WikipediaIncludes: Musket Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Musket Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Musket Wars were a series of as many as 3,000 battles and raids fought throughout New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands) among Māori between View the SourceWar of the Pacific, WikipediaIncludes: War of the Pacific, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: War of the Pacific, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe War of the Pacific (Spanish: Guerra del Pacífico), also known by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert, the war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia.View the SourceBattle of Ayacucho, WikipediaIncludes: Battle of Ayacucho, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Battle of Ayacucho, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish: Batalla de Ayacucho, IPA: [baˈtaʎa ðe aʝaˈkutʃo]) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of belligerent South American states.View the SourceXhosa Wars, WikipediaIncludes: Xhosa Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Xhosa Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch colView the SourceArmenian genocide, WikipediaIncludes: Armenian Genocide, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Armenian Genocide, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the View the SourceCrimean War - WikipediaIncludes: Crimean War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Crimean War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Crimean War was fought between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia from October 1853 to FebruarView the SourceSecond Opium War - WikipediaIncludes: Second Opium War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Second Opium War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Second Opium War (simplified Chinese: 第二次鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 第二次鴉片戰爭), also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War or Arrow War, was fought between the United Kingdom and France against the Qing dynasty of China between 1856 and 1860.View the SourceProclamation of the German Empire - WikipediaIncludes: Unification of Germany, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Unification of Germany, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe proclamation of the German Empire, also known as the Deutsche Reichsgründung, took place on January 18, 1871 after the joint victory of the GermanView the SourceRusso-Japanese War - WikipediaIncludes: Russo-Japanese War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Russo-Japanese War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 - 5 September 1905) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire.View the SourceSecond Boer War - WikipediaIncludes: Second Boer War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Second Boer War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Second Boer War was a conflict fought between 1899 and 1902 between the British Empire and the Boer republics (the South African Republic and OranView the SourceUnification of Italy - WikipediaIncludes: Unification of Italy, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Unification of Italy, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe unification of Italy (Italian: Unità d'Italia [uniˈta ddiˈtaːlja]), also known as the Risorgimento (Italian: [risordʒiˈmento]; lit. 'Resurgence'), was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 ended in the annexation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles to the Kingdom of Sardinia, resulting in the creation of the Kingdom of Italy.View the SourceReform War - WikipediaIncludes: Mexican Reform War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Mexican Reform War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Reform War (17 December 1857 - 11 January 1861) or War of Reform (Spanish: Guerra de Reforma), also known as the Three Years' War (Spanish: Guerra de los Tres Años) and the Mexican Civil War, was a complex civil conflict in Mexico that was fought between Mexican liberals and conservatives with regional variations over the promulgation of the Constitution of 1857.View the SourcePhilippine-American War - WikipediaIncludes: Philippine-American War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Philippine-American War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Philippine-American War, known alternatively as the Filipino-American War, Philippine Insurrection, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged in early 1899 View the SourceHerero and Nama genocide (Wikipedia)Includes: Herero and Namaqua Genocide, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Herero and Namaqua Genocide, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Herero and Nama genocide, or the Namibian genocide, was the extermination of the Herero and the Nama people in German South West Africa (now NamibView the SourceBalkan Wars - WikipediaIncludes: Balkan Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Balkan Wars, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, SView the SourceGreek War of Independence - WikipediaIncludes: Greek War of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Greek War of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence fought by GreeView the SourceMexican War of Independence, WikipediaIncludes: Mexican War of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Mexican War of Independence, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Mexican War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia de México, 16 September 1810 - 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire.View the SourceSpanish Civil War, WikipediaIncludes: Spanish Civil War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Spanish Civil War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Spanish Civil War (Spanish: guerra civil española) was fought in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalist rebels. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists, supported by the Soviet Union.View the SourceMarco Polo Bridge incident, WikipediaIncludes: Second Sino-Japanese War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Second Sino-Japanese War, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Marco Polo Bridge incident, also known as the Lugou Bridge incident or the July 7 incident, was a three-day battle that began on 7 July 1937 in thView the SourceWikipedia: Easter RisingIncludes: Easter Rising, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Easter Rising, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Cásca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916.View the SourceWikipedia: Arab RevoltIncludes: Arab Revolt, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Arab Revolt, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.View the SourceWikipedia: Haymarket affairIncludes: Haymarket affair, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Haymarket affair, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Haymarket affair was a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. The rally began peacefullyView the SourceWikipedia: Whiskey RebellionIncludes: Whiskey Rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Whiskey Rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 durView the SourceWikipedia: Kronstadt rebellionIncludes: Kronstadt rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Kronstadt rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Kronstadt rebellion (Russian: Кронштадтское восстание, romanized: Kronshtadtskoye vosstaniye) was a 1921 insurrection of Soviet sailors, naval infantry, and civilians against the Bolshevik government in the Russian port city of Kronstadt.View the SourceWikipedia: Dersim massacreIncludes: Dersim massacre, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Dersim massacre, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Dersim massacre, also known as Dersim genocide, was carried out by the Turkish military over the course of three operations in the Dersim ProvinceView the SourceWikipedia: North-West RebellionIncludes: North-West Rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: North-West Rebellion, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe North-West Rebellion (French: Rébellion du Nord-Ouest) was an armed rebellion of Métis under Louis Riel and an associated uprising of Cree and Assiniboine mostly in the District of Saskatchewan, against the Canadian government.View the SourceWikipedia: First Serbian UprisingIncludes: First Serbian Uprising, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: First Serbian Uprising, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe First Serbian Uprising was an uprising of Serbs in Orašac against the Dahije, and later the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1804 to 7 October 1813View the SourceWikipedia: June Days uprisingIncludes: June Days uprising, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: June Days uprising, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe June Days (French: les journées de Juin) were an uprising staged by workers in Paris from 22 to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed.View the SourceWikipedia: Rebellions of 1837-1838Includes: Rebellions of 1837-1838, lead paragraph and infobox, datesQuote, Includes: Rebellions of 1837-1838, lead paragraph and infobox, datesThe Rebellions of 1837-1838 () were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. Both rebellions were motivated by View the SourceParaguayan War - WikipediaIncludes: Paraguayan War, lead paragraph, datesQuote, Includes: Paraguayan War, lead paragraph, datesThe Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was a war in South America that lasted from 1864 to 1870. It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.View the SourceSpanish-American War - WikipediaIncludes: Spanish-American War, lead paragraph, datesQuote, Includes: Spanish-American War, lead paragraph, datesThe Spanish-American War (April 21, August 13, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the U.S.View the SourceSecond French Intervention in Mexico - WikipediaIncludes: French Intervention in Mexico, lead paragraph, datesQuote, Includes: French Intervention in Mexico, lead paragraph, datesThe second French intervention in Mexico (Spanish: segunda intervención francesa en México), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861-1867), was a military invasion of the Republic of Mexico by the French Empire of Napoleon III, purportedly to force the collection of Mexican debts in conjunction with Great Britain and Spain (the first, known as the Pastry War, was in 1838-1839).View the SourceKano Emirate (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Kano Emirate, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Kano Emirate, lead paragraphThe Kano Emirate was a Muslim state in northern Nigeria formed in 1805 during the Fulani jihad when the Muslim Hausa-led Sultanate of Kano was deposed and replaced by a new emirate which became a vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate.View the SourceWikipedia: Kingdom of NaplesIncludes: Kingdom of Naples, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Kingdom of Naples, lead paragraphThe Kingdom of Naples, officially the Kingdom of Sicily citra Pharum or "on this side of the lighthouse", was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1302).View the SourceWikipedia: Italian EmpireIncludes: Italian Empire, lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Italian Empire, lead paragraphThe Italian colonial empire (Italian: Impero coloniale italiano), sometimes known as the Italian Empire (Impero italiano), was a colonial empire that existed between 1882 and 1943; an Italian colony was revived in 1950 as a UN trust territory under Italy's administration and lasted until 1960.View the SourceWikipedia: International Committee of the Red Crosstier 2WikipediaIncludes: International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC, era placementQuote, Includes: International Committee of the Red Cross, ICRC, era placementthe five men held the first meeting of the Sub-committee...on 17 February 1863.View the SourceGlele (Wikipedia)tier 2WikipediaIncludes: Glele, LeadQuote, Includes: Glele, LeadGlele, or Badohou (died December 29, 1889), was the tenth King of Dahomey, ruling from 1858 until his suicide in 1889.View the SourceTreaty of Adrianople (1829), WikipediaIncludes: Treaty of Adrianople (1829), LeadQuote, Includes: Treaty of Adrianople (1829), LeadThe treaty was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and Abdülkadir Bey of the Ottoman Empire. View the SourceTwenty-One Demands, WikipediaIncludes: Twenty-One Demands, LeadQuote, Includes: Twenty-One Demands, LeadThe Twenty-One Demands was a set of demands made during the First World War by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu to the government of the Republic of China on 18 January 1915.View the SourceWikipedia: Constitution of Prussia (1848)Includes: Prussian Constitution of 1848, LeadQuote, Includes: Prussian Constitution of 1848, LeadThe 1848 Constitution of Prussia was imposed on the Kingdom of Prussia by King Frederick William IV on 5 December 1848 in response to demands that arose during the German revolutions of 1848-1849.View the SourceWikipedia: McMahon-Hussein CorrespondenceIncludes: McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, LeadQuote, Includes: McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, LeadThe correspondence is composed of ten letters that were exchanged from July 1915 to March 1916 between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner to Egypt.View the SourceConstantinople Agreement - WikipediaIncludes: Constantinople Agreement, LeadQuote, Includes: Constantinople Agreement, LeadThe Constantinople Agreement (also known as the Straits Agreement) resulted from a secret exchange of diplomatic correspondence between members of the Triple Entente from 4 March to 10 April 1915 during World War I.View the SourceDissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)Start YearC. A. Bayly's The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914 (2004) challenges the French Revolution as the defining hinge for this period. Bayly argues that the uniformities associated with the modern state, mass politics, industrial economies and global ideological competition emerged as a genuinely worldwide process across the long nineteenth century, 1780 to 1914, driven as much by developments in Asia, Africa and the Americas as by events in Paris. He further treats 1914, not 1945, as the period's true close, with the First World War and its aftermath belonging to a distinct age of catastrophe rather than to the same era as the French Revolution.A dissenting reading, from C. A. Bayly and global-history periodizationC. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914 (Bayly, 2004), Blackwell Publishing, 2004Take a Related QuizSeven Eras: The Boundaries Historians Argue OverCovers this kind of entry.Comments (0)No comments yet. 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